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- Pannai, Panai or Pane was a Buddhist kingdom located on the east coast of Northern Sumatra that existed between the 11th and 14th centuries. The kingdom was located on the Barumun River and valleys, in today's Labuhan Batu and South Tapanuli regencies. Because surviving inscriptions and historical records of this period are scarce, the kingdom is among the least known political entities in Indonesian history. Historians suggest that Pannai was probably a principality or a vassal allied under the Srivijayan mandala and later to Dharmasraya kingdom. The historical records mentioning this kingdom derived from Indian and Javanese sources. The state of Pannai, with river runs through it, was mentioned in the Tanjore inscription dating from the 11th century, as one of the polity sacked by Rajendra Chola I of Chola dynasty during his campaign against the prosperous Srivijaya. Three centuries later, Prapanca confirmed Pannai as one of the Malay states targeted in Majapahit's foreign diplomacy. Despite the lack of local historical records, on the upstream of these rivers however, 16 Buddhist Vajrayana temples were discovered. These temples are known today as the Padanglawas temple compounds, with one specifically known as the Bahal temple. Experts suggest that the existence of the temples is linked to the Kingdom of Pannai. The temples constitute tangible traces of Vajranaya Buddhism in Sumatra. The state of Pannai, according to Thanjavur inscription found in India, fell after a surprise attack from the rear. Pannai did not suspect an attack from a Chola occupied Srivijaya, the mandala's capital. Historian suggests, that it is likely that the past Padang Lawas area was more fertile than it is now. Therefore the Panai Kingdom was rich in forest products, especially camphor and livestock, and might also produce gold. Only the rich and prosperous society were able to build temples like Bahal temple complex. In Armenian-language travel records, Indian City Names and Persian Suburbs, Pane is referred to as the port where much high-quality camphor can be found. Camphor originated from two ports, namely Barus on the west coast of Sumatra, and P’anes or P’anis, namely Panai on the east coast. (en)
- Pannai (également orthographié Panai ou Pane) était un royaume bouddhiste qui a existé au XIe siècle et au XIVe siècle situé au nord-est de Sumatra. Le royaume était localisé autour des vallées des fleuves et Panai, aujourd'hui situés dans le et le kabupaten de Tapanuli du Sud dans le Sumatra du Nord en Indonésie. (fr)
- Kerajaan Pannai, Panai atau Pane merupakan kerajaan Buddhis yang pernah berdiri pada abad ke-11 sampai ke-14 di pesisir timur Sumatra Utara. Lokasi kerajaan ini tepatnya di lembah sungai Panai dan Barumun yang mengalir di Kabupaten Labuhanbatu dan Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan sekarang. Kerajaan ini kurang dikenal akibat minimnya sumber sejarah dan sedikitnya prasasti yang menyebutkan kerajaan ini. Sebagai kerajaan kecil, kemungkinan kerajaan Pannai merupakan kerajaan bawahan dari Kerajaan Sriwijaya kemudian Dharmasraya. Meskipun kurang dikenal, kerajaan Buddha beraliran Tantrayana ini meninggalkan peninggalan belasan candi-candi Buddha yang tersebar di kawasan , yakni sebanyak 16 bangunan, salah satunya Candi Bahal. (in)
- Pannai, Panai ou Pane é um reino budista que existiu por volta do século XI ao XIV, localizado na costa leste da Sumatra Setentrional. O reino estava localizado no rio Barumun e vales do rio Panai, hoje localizado na Regência de Labuhan Batu e Regência South Tapanuli, Sumatra Setentrional, Indonésia. Devido à escassez de inscrições e registros históricos, este reino está entre os de política mais misteriosa e menos conhecida na história indonésia. Historiadores sugerem que o reino de Pannai era provavelmente um principado ou um vassalo aliado sob o mandala de Srivijayan e depois sob o reino de Dharmasraya. Os registros históricos que mencionam este reino podem ser encontrados em fontes indianas e javanesas. Apesar da falta de registros históricos locais, dezesseis templos budistas Vajrayana foram descobertos. Esses templos hoje são conhecidos como Padanglawas, um deles é o templo Bahal. Especialistas sugerem que a existência dos templos está relacionada ao reino de Pannai. Os templos são os vestígios do budismo Vajranaya em Sumatra. O lugar foi mais provavelmente um complexo religioso para os monges-guerreiros e teve um papel fundamental, estando localizado a meio caminho no Estreito de Malaca no policiamento do comércio dentro da área e repelindo as forças invasoras, bem como fornecendo orientação espiritual a qualquer peregrino da China, Índia ou de dentro do arquipélago. (pt)
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- Pannai (également orthographié Panai ou Pane) était un royaume bouddhiste qui a existé au XIe siècle et au XIVe siècle situé au nord-est de Sumatra. Le royaume était localisé autour des vallées des fleuves et Panai, aujourd'hui situés dans le et le kabupaten de Tapanuli du Sud dans le Sumatra du Nord en Indonésie. (fr)
- Kerajaan Pannai, Panai atau Pane merupakan kerajaan Buddhis yang pernah berdiri pada abad ke-11 sampai ke-14 di pesisir timur Sumatra Utara. Lokasi kerajaan ini tepatnya di lembah sungai Panai dan Barumun yang mengalir di Kabupaten Labuhanbatu dan Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan sekarang. Kerajaan ini kurang dikenal akibat minimnya sumber sejarah dan sedikitnya prasasti yang menyebutkan kerajaan ini. Sebagai kerajaan kecil, kemungkinan kerajaan Pannai merupakan kerajaan bawahan dari Kerajaan Sriwijaya kemudian Dharmasraya. Meskipun kurang dikenal, kerajaan Buddha beraliran Tantrayana ini meninggalkan peninggalan belasan candi-candi Buddha yang tersebar di kawasan , yakni sebanyak 16 bangunan, salah satunya Candi Bahal. (in)
- Pannai, Panai or Pane was a Buddhist kingdom located on the east coast of Northern Sumatra that existed between the 11th and 14th centuries. The kingdom was located on the Barumun River and valleys, in today's Labuhan Batu and South Tapanuli regencies. Because surviving inscriptions and historical records of this period are scarce, the kingdom is among the least known political entities in Indonesian history. Historians suggest that Pannai was probably a principality or a vassal allied under the Srivijayan mandala and later to Dharmasraya kingdom. (en)
- Pannai, Panai ou Pane é um reino budista que existiu por volta do século XI ao XIV, localizado na costa leste da Sumatra Setentrional. O reino estava localizado no rio Barumun e vales do rio Panai, hoje localizado na Regência de Labuhan Batu e Regência South Tapanuli, Sumatra Setentrional, Indonésia. Devido à escassez de inscrições e registros históricos, este reino está entre os de política mais misteriosa e menos conhecida na história indonésia. Historiadores sugerem que o reino de Pannai era provavelmente um principado ou um vassalo aliado sob o mandala de Srivijayan e depois sob o reino de Dharmasraya. Os registros históricos que mencionam este reino podem ser encontrados em fontes indianas e javanesas. (pt)
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