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- An All-Red Route was, originally, a steamship route used by Royal Mail Ships during the heyday of the British Empire. The name derives from the common practice of colouring the territory of the British Empire red or pink on political maps. It denoted a long-distance route where all the ports of call were in British territories or colonies, emphasising not only the usefulness of the route as a means of connecting the British metropole with the worldwide empire but also the strategic security of being able to connect (and travel between) possessions on the other side of the globe without having to rely on making stops in, or passing through, the territory of another nation. Initially the term was used to apply only to steamship routes (as these were the only practical way of carrying communications between Great Britain and the rest of the Empire), particularly to India via the Suez Canal—a route sometimes referred to as the British Imperial Lifeline. Rail transport was used across France and Italy to the Mediterranean. From 1868 to 1871 the Mont Cenis Pass Railway, a temporary mountain railway line over the Mont Cenis Pass was used for mail. After use of steamships became widespread at sea, strategically placed coaling stations were acquired to guarantee the mobility of both civil and naval fleets. In the 1880s the term "All-Red Route" was expanded to include the telegraph network (see All Red Line) that connected various parts of the Empire, and by the 1920s it was also being used in reference to proposed air routes, initially airship and then flying boat, between Great Britain and the rest of the Empire, see Imperial Airship Scheme. The Suez Canal route dramatically shortened the sea path between Britain and its possessions in Asia (primarily India). Conscious of its significance, the British sent troops to take control of the canal during the Anglo-Egyptian War in 1882. Even after British troops were withdrawn from the rest of Egypt in accordance with the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936, Britain continued to control the canal and kept troops stationed in the canal zone. After Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalised the canal in 1956, sparking the Suez Crisis, British Prime Minister Anthony Eden declared that "The Egyptian has his thumb on our windpipe", describing the Suez as the "great imperial lifeline". The major "All-Red Route" ran as follows: Southern Britain → Gibraltar → Malta → Alexandria → Port Said (after construction of the Canal) → Suez → Aden → Muscat (and access to the Persian Gulf) → India → Sri Lanka → Burma → Malaya → Singapore (branching out into the Pacific Ocean towards Hong Kong, Australia, New Zealand, and other British colonies). The completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1886 connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans across what was then the Dominion of Canada. The CPR quickly began operating steamships between the west coast of Canada and East Asia, and in 1899 entered the trans-Atlantic liner trade. This made it possible to travel from Britain to Hong Kong (as well as Japan and China) westwards entirely by the CPR's services and without ever leaving a British-registered ship or British imperial territory. The CPR advertised this as 'The All-Red Route' and by the 1920s had added Australia and New Zealand to its trans-Pacific services, adding those dominions to its network. Other British shipping lines operating in the Pacific and the Far East made it possible to travel to Singapore. British Malaya and India via the CPR. The completion of the Canadian Northern Railway's transcontinental section in 1912 and the opening of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway in 1917 provided alternative routes across Canada as part of this "All-Red Route". Throughout the late 19th-century there were plans and ambitions for a Cape to Cairo Railway to link British colonies in Africa. The lack of a true "All-Red Route' - since British territory was not continuous between South Africa and Egypt was a major obstacle to this project being successful. Britain claimed the Tanganyika Territory from Germany after World War I, creating the potential for an "All-Red Route" the length of Africa but the necessary sections of railway were never constructed. With the end of the British Empire and the increasing prevalence of air travel, the terms "All-Red Route" and "British Imperial Lifeline" have fallen from use, and now exist largely in a historical context, generally in reference to the routes in use during the British Empire. (en)
- La All Red Route était, à l'origine, un itinéraire de navires à vapeur utilisée par les navires de la Royal Mail à l'apogée de l'Empire britannique. Initialement, le terme était destiné uniquement aux liaisons maritimes (car elles étaient le seul moyen pratique de communiquer entre la Grande-Bretagne et le reste de l'Empire), en particulier vers l'Inde via le canal de Suez, itinéraire parfois appelé la British Imperial Lifeline. Le transport ferroviaire fut utilisé à travers la France et l'Italie en direction de la Méditerranée. De 1868 à 1871, le chemin de fer du Mont-Cenis, une ligne temporaire de chemin de fer de montagne traversant le col du Mont Cenis fut utilisée pour le courrier. Comme l'utilisation de bateaux à vapeur se répandit, des stratégiquement disposés furent acquises afin de garantir la mobilité des flottes civiles et militaires. Dans les années 1880, le terme « All Red Route » fut élargie pour inclure le réseau télégraphique (voir All Red Line) reliant les différentes parties de l'Empire, et dans les années 1920, il fut également utilisé en référence aux liaisons aériennes disponibles, initialement avec des dirigeables et puis avec des hydravions, entre la Grande-Bretagne et le reste de l'Empire, voir l’article . La route du canal de Suez raccourcit considérablement l’itinéraire par mer entre la Grande-Bretagne et ses colonies en Asie, et, conscient de son importance, les Britanniques envoyèrent des troupes pour prendre le contrôle du canal en 1882 au début de l'. Même après que les troupes britanniques furent retirés du reste de l'Égypte en conformité avec le traité anglo-égyptien de 1936, la Grande-Bretagne continua de contrôler le canal et maintint des troupes stationnées dans la zone du canal. Après que le président égyptien Gamal Abdel Nasser eut nationalisé le canal en 1956, provoquant la crise de Suez, le premier ministre britannique Anthony Eden déclara que « l'Egyptien a son pouce sur notre trachée », décrivant le canal de Suez comme la « grande ligne de vie impériale » (British Imperial Lifeline). La principale "All-Red Route" suivait le trajet suivant: Sud de la Grande-Bretagne → Gibraltar → Malte → Alexandrie → Port-Saïd (après la construction du canal) → Suez → Aden → Mascate (avec l'accès au golfe Persique) → Inde → Sri Lanka → Malaisie britannique → Birmanie → Singapour (ramification dans l'océan Pacifique vers Hong Kong, l'Australie, la Nouvelle-Zélande, et d'autres colonies britanniques). Avec la fin de l'Empire britannique et la prévalence croissante des voyages aérien, les termes « All Red Route » et « British Imperial Lifeline » devinrent inusités, et n’existent aujourd’hui qu’en grande partie dans un contexte historique, généralement en référence aux routes utilisées du temps de l'Empire britannique. (fr)
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- An All-Red Route was, originally, a steamship route used by Royal Mail Ships during the heyday of the British Empire. The name derives from the common practice of colouring the territory of the British Empire red or pink on political maps. It denoted a long-distance route where all the ports of call were in British territories or colonies, emphasising not only the usefulness of the route as a means of connecting the British metropole with the worldwide empire but also the strategic security of being able to connect (and travel between) possessions on the other side of the globe without having to rely on making stops in, or passing through, the territory of another nation. (en)
- La All Red Route était, à l'origine, un itinéraire de navires à vapeur utilisée par les navires de la Royal Mail à l'apogée de l'Empire britannique. Initialement, le terme était destiné uniquement aux liaisons maritimes (car elles étaient le seul moyen pratique de communiquer entre la Grande-Bretagne et le reste de l'Empire), en particulier vers l'Inde via le canal de Suez, itinéraire parfois appelé la British Imperial Lifeline. Le transport ferroviaire fut utilisé à travers la France et l'Italie en direction de la Méditerranée. De 1868 à 1871, le chemin de fer du Mont-Cenis, une ligne temporaire de chemin de fer de montagne traversant le col du Mont Cenis fut utilisée pour le courrier. (fr)
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