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- Wölfflin, Heinrich. 1915. Kunstgeschichtliche Grundbegriffe: das Problem der Stilentwicklung in der neueren Kunst. Munich, F. Bruckmann. (en)
- Rosner, Arnold, and Vance Wolverton. 2001. "Hovhaness [Hovaness], Alan [Chakmakjian, Alan Hovhaness]". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers. (en)
- Rae, Charles Bodman. 2001. "Lutosławski, Witold ". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers. (en)
- Boulez, Pierre. 1957. "Aléa". Nouvelle Revue française, no. 59 . Reprinted in Pierre Boulez, Relevés d'apprenti, collected and presented by Paule Thévenin, 41–45. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1966. . English as "Alea" in Pierre Boulez, Notes of an Apprenticeship, collected and presented by Paule Thévenin, translated from the French by Herbert Weinstock, 35–51. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1968. New English translation, as "Alea", in Pierre Boulez, Stocktakings from an Apprenticeship, collected and presented by Paule Thévenin, translated from the French by Stephen Walsh, with an introduction by Robert Piencikowski, 26–38. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. . (en)
- Griffiths, Paul. 2001. "Aleatory". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers. (en)
- Randel, Don Michael. 2002. The Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music and Musicians. . (en)
- Xenakis, Iannis. 1971. Formalized Music: Thought and Mathematics in Composition. Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press. . (en)
- Fisher, Lynn. 2010. "An Unlikely Musical Pioneer? Early Aleatory Counterpoint". AleaCounterpoint blog site . (en)
- Hovhaness, Alan. 1958. Meditation on Orpheus, Op. 155 . New York: C. F. Peters. (en)
- Roig-Francolí, Miguel A. 2008. Understanding Post-Tonal Music. Boston: McGraw-Hill. . (en)
- Hovhaness, Alan. 1944. Lousadzak, Op. 48 . New York: Peer International Corporation. (en)
- Karlin, Fred, and Rayburn Wright. 2004. On the Track: A Guide to Contemporary Film Scoring, second edition. New York: Routledge. ; . (en)
- Pritchett, James. 1993. The Music of John Cage. Music in the 20th Century. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. ; . (en)
- Joe, Jeongwon, and S. Hoon Song. 2002. "Roland Barthes' 'Text' and Aleatoric Music: Is the Birth of the Reader the Birth of the Listener?". Muzikologija 2:263–281. (en)
- Boehmer, Konrad. 1967. Zur Theorie der offenen Form in der neuen Musik. Darmstadt: Edition Tonos. (en)
- Jacobs, Arthur. 1966. "Admonitoric Note". The Musical Times 107, no. 1479 : 414. (en)
- Chrissochoidis, Ilias, Stavros Houliaras, and Christos Mitsakis. 2005."Set theory in Xenakis' EONTA". In International Symposium Iannis Xenakis, edited by Anastasia Georgaki and Makis Solomos, 241–249. Athens: The National and Kapodistrian University. (en)
- Maconie, Robin. 2005. Other Planets: The Music of Karlheinz Stockhausen. Lanham, Maryland, Toronto, Oxford: Scarecrow Press. . (en)
- Lotringer, Sylvère. 1998. "Duchamp Werden". In Crossings: Kunst zum Hören und Sehen: Kunsthalle Wien, 29.5.-13. 9.1998 [exhibition catalogue], edited by Cathrin Pichler, 55-61. Ostfildern bei Stuttgart: Cantz. . (en)
- Meyer-Eppler, Werner. 1957. "Statistic and Psychologic Problems of Sound", translated by Alexander Goehr. Die Reihe 1 : 55–61. Original German edition, 1955, as "Statistische und psychologische Klangprobleme", Die Reihe 1 : 22–28. (en)
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