About: Mapuche history

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As an archaeological culture, the Mapuche people of southern Chile and Argentina have a long history which dates back to 600–500 BC. The Mapuche society underwent great transformations after Spanish contact in the mid–16th century. These changes included the adoption of Old World crops and animals and the onset of a rich Spanish–Mapuche trade in La Frontera and Valdivia. Despite these contacts Mapuche were never completely subjugated by the Spanish Empire. Between the 18th and 19th century Mapuche culture and people spread eastwards into the Pampas and the Patagonian plains. This vast new territory allowed Mapuche groups to control a substantial part of the salt and cattle trade in the Southern Cone.

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  • La historia del pueblo mapuche del sur de Chile y Argentina se remonta como cultura arqueológica al 600-500 a. C. La sociedad mapuche tuvo grandes transformaciones luego del contacto con los españoles a mediados del siglo XVI. Estos cambios incluyeron la adopción de cultivos y animales del Viejo Mundo y el inicio de un rico comercio hispano-mapuche en La Frontera y Valdivia. A pesar de estos contactos, los mapuche nunca fueron completamente subyugados por el imperio español. Entre los siglos XVIII y XIX, la cultura y el pueblo mapuche se extendieron al este hacia las llanuras de la pampa y la Patagonia. Este vasto nuevo territorio permitió a los grupos mapuche controlar una parte sustancial del comercio de sal y ganado en el Cono Sur. Entre 1861 y 1883, la República de Chile realizó una serie de campañas que acabaron con la independencia mapuche, provocando la muerte de miles de mapuche por medio de combates, saqueos, hambrunas y epidemias de viruela. Argentina llevó a cabo campañas similares en el lado oriental de los Andes en la década de 1870. En gran parte de las tierras mapuche la economía tradicional colapsó obligando a miles a trasladarse a las grandes ciudades y vivir en condiciones de pobreza como empleadas domésticas, vendedores ambulantes o jornaleros. Desde finales del siglo XX en adelante, el pueblo mapuche se ha mostrado cada vez más activo en conflictos por sus derechos territoriales e indígenas. (es)
  • As an archaeological culture, the Mapuche people of southern Chile and Argentina have a long history which dates back to 600–500 BC. The Mapuche society underwent great transformations after Spanish contact in the mid–16th century. These changes included the adoption of Old World crops and animals and the onset of a rich Spanish–Mapuche trade in La Frontera and Valdivia. Despite these contacts Mapuche were never completely subjugated by the Spanish Empire. Between the 18th and 19th century Mapuche culture and people spread eastwards into the Pampas and the Patagonian plains. This vast new territory allowed Mapuche groups to control a substantial part of the salt and cattle trade in the Southern Cone. Between 1861 and 1883 the Republic of Chile conducted a series of campaigns that ended Mapuche independence causing the death of thousands of Mapuche through combat, pillaging, starvation and smallpox epidemics. Argentina conducted similar campaigns on the eastern side of the Andes in the 1870s. In large parts of the Mapuche lands the traditional economy collapsed forcing thousands to seek themselves to the large cities and live in impoverished conditions as housemaids, hawkers or labourers. From the late 20th century onwards Mapuche people have been increasingly active in conflicts over land rights and indigenous rights. (en)
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  • La historia del pueblo mapuche del sur de Chile y Argentina se remonta como cultura arqueológica al 600-500 a. C. La sociedad mapuche tuvo grandes transformaciones luego del contacto con los españoles a mediados del siglo XVI. Estos cambios incluyeron la adopción de cultivos y animales del Viejo Mundo y el inicio de un rico comercio hispano-mapuche en La Frontera y Valdivia. A pesar de estos contactos, los mapuche nunca fueron completamente subyugados por el imperio español. Entre los siglos XVIII y XIX, la cultura y el pueblo mapuche se extendieron al este hacia las llanuras de la pampa y la Patagonia. Este vasto nuevo territorio permitió a los grupos mapuche controlar una parte sustancial del comercio de sal y ganado en el Cono Sur. (es)
  • As an archaeological culture, the Mapuche people of southern Chile and Argentina have a long history which dates back to 600–500 BC. The Mapuche society underwent great transformations after Spanish contact in the mid–16th century. These changes included the adoption of Old World crops and animals and the onset of a rich Spanish–Mapuche trade in La Frontera and Valdivia. Despite these contacts Mapuche were never completely subjugated by the Spanish Empire. Between the 18th and 19th century Mapuche culture and people spread eastwards into the Pampas and the Patagonian plains. This vast new territory allowed Mapuche groups to control a substantial part of the salt and cattle trade in the Southern Cone. (en)
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  • Mapuche history (en)
  • Historia del pueblo mapuche (es)
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