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Statements

Subject Item: dbr:Ammophila_sabulosa
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Subject Item: dbr:Praeaulacidae
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Subject Item: dbr:Proctotrupidae
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Subject Item: dbr:Proctotrupomorpha
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Subject Item: dbr:Ptecticus
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Subject Item: dbr:Pteromalidae
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Subject Item: dbr:Scale_insect
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Subject Item: dbr:Scarlet_lily_beetle
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Subject Item: dbr:Encarsia_formosa
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Subject Item: dbr:Encarsia_harrisoni
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Subject Item: dbr:Encarsia_inaron
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Subject Item: dbr:Ephutomorpha
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Subject Item: dbr:Ephutomorpha_ferruginata
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Subject Item: dbr:Ephutomorpha_ruficornis
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Subject Item: dbr:Lytopylus
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Subject Item: dbr:Meteorinae
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Subject Item: dbr:Meteorus
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Subject Item: dbr:Meteorus_rubens
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Subject Item: dbr:Meteorus_stellatus
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Subject Item: dbr:Metopius_(wasp)
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Subject Item: dbr:Biological_pest_control
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Subject Item: dbr:Brevicoryne
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Subject Item: dbr:Desert_locust
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Subject Item: dbr:Allotropa_(insect)
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Subject Item: dbr:Alomya_debellator
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Subject Item: dbr:Anomalon_(wasp)
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Subject Item: dbr:Anomaloninae
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Subject Item: dbr:Antheraea_polyphemus
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Subject Item: dbr:Anthrenus_flavipes
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Subject Item: dbr:Aonidiella_orientalis
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Subject Item: dbr:Aphelinus_abdominalis
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Subject Item: dbr:Aphelinus_certus
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Subject Item: dbr:Aphelinus_mali
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Subject Item: dbr:Aphis_craccivora
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Subject Item: dbr:Aprostocetus
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Subject Item: dbr:Argogorytes_mystaceus
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Subject Item: dbr:Horse-fly
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Subject Item: dbr:Hymenoptera
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Subject Item: dbr:Phasmatodea
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Subject Item: dbr:Cystomastacoides
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Subject Item: dbr:Cystomastacoides_kiddo
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Subject Item: dbr:Insect_hotel
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Subject Item: dbr:Ivondrovia
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Subject Item: dbr:Ivondrovia_grangeri
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Subject Item: dbr:Ivondrovia_seyrigi
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Subject Item: dbr:Nepita
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Subject Item: dbr:List_of_organisms_named_after_famous_people_(born_1900–1949)
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Subject Item: dbr:Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia
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Subject Item: dbr:Megacrania_batesii
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Subject Item: dbr:Gelis_agilis
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Subject Item: dbr:Optimal_foraging_theory
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Subject Item: dbr:Perilitus_brevicollis
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Subject Item: dbr:Alexander_Henry_Haliday
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Subject Item: dbr:Braconinae
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Subject Item: dbr:Mymarommatidae
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Subject Item: dbr:Myrmecia_(ant)
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Subject Item: dbr:Copidosoma
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Subject Item: dbr:Copidosoma_floridanum
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Subject Item: dbr:Corythucha_gossypii
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Subject Item: dbr:Ctenopelmatinae
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Subject Item: dbr:LUBILOSA
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Subject Item: dbr:Mutilla
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Subject Item: dbr:Opiinae
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Subject Item: dbr:Organ_pipe_mud_dauber
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Subject Item: dbr:Andricus_quercuspetiolicola
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Subject Item: dbr:Animal
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Subject Item: dbr:Anomalon_cruentatum
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Subject Item: dbr:Aphid
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Subject Item: dbr:Aphidiinae
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Subject Item: dbr:Apocrita
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Subject Item: dbr:Liriomyza_trifolii
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Subject Item: dbr:Longhorn_beetle
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Subject Item: dbr:Calliscelio
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Subject Item: dbr:Callosobruchus_maculatus
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Subject Item: dbr:Chorebus_lateralis
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Subject Item: dbr:Choristoneura_fumiferana
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Subject Item: dbr:Small_heath_(butterfly)
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Subject Item: dbr:Snakefly
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Subject Item: dbr:Stephanidae
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Subject Item: dbr:Delia_(fly)
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Subject Item: dbr:Zeiraphera_canadensis
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Subject Item: dbr:Emerald_ash_borer
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Subject Item: dbr:Fauna_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink: dbr:Parasitoid_wasp

Subject Item: dbr:Haematobia_irritans
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Subject Item: dbr:Hormius
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Subject Item: dbr:Horse-chestnut_leaf_miner
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Subject Item: dbr:Ichneutinae
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Subject Item: dbr:Josephine_Cardale
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Subject Item: dbr:Kerria_lacca
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Subject Item: dbr:Leptopilina
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Subject Item: dbr:Madeiran_large_white
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Subject Item: dbr:Speculative_evolution
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Subject Item: dbr:Stephanus_(insect)
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Subject Item: dbr:Microgastrinae
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Subject Item: dbr:Microplitis_mandibularis
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Subject Item: dbr:Winter_moth
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Subject Item: dbr:Musgraveia_sulciventris
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Subject Item: dbr:Mutilla_europaea
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Subject Item: dbr:Baeomorpha
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Subject Item: dbr:Butterfly
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Subject Item: dbr:Acyrthosiphon_pisum
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Subject Item: dbr:Adeliini_(wasp)
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink: dbr:Parasitoid_wasp

Subject Item: dbr:Adelius
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Subject Item: dbr:Adelognathinae
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Subject Item: dbr:Agathidinae
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Subject Item: dbr:Agathis_(wasp)
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Subject Item: dbr:Agrilus_biguttatus
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Subject Item: dbr:Agrothereutes
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Subject Item: dbr:Agrothereutes_abbreviatus
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Subject Item: dbr:Agrypon_flaveolatum
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Subject Item: dbr:Tingena
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Subject Item: dbr:Trichobaris_trinotata
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Subject Item: dbr:Trogus_(wasp)
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Subject Item: dbr:Dasymutilla_eminentia
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Subject Item: dbr:Dasymutilla_occidentalis
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Subject Item: dbr:Wasp
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Subject Item: dbr:Distatrix
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Subject Item: dbr:Dolichogenidea
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Subject Item: dbr:Habronyx_minutus
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Subject Item: dbr:Karl-Johan_Hedqvist
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Subject Item: dbr:Liopteridae
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Subject Item: dbr:Pleurochrysis_(wasp)
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Subject Item: dbr:Spotted_lanternfly
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Subject Item: dbr:Scelio
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Subject Item: dbr:Acanthoscelides_obtectus
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Subject Item: dbr:Alexandra_Elbakyan
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink: dbr:Parasitoid_wasp

Subject Item: dbr:Alabagrus_muisca
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink: dbr:Parasitoid_wasp

Subject Item: dbr:Alysiinae
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Subject Item: dbr:Evaniidae
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Subject Item: dbr:Fairyfly
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Subject Item: dbr:Anelosimus_eximius
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Subject Item: dbr:Banchinae
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Subject Item: dbr:Parasitoid
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Subject Item: dbr:Parasitoid_wasp
rdf:type: yago:Invertebrate101905661 yago:Thysanopter102271570 umbel-rc:Animal yago:Insect102159955 yago:WikicatThrips yago:Arthropod101767661 yago:LivingThing100004258 umbel-rc:Insect yago:Animal100015388 yago:Whole100003553 yago:Object100002684 yago:Organism100004475 yago:Thrips102271897 yago:PhysicalEntity100001930
rdfs:label: Tawon parasitoid Guêpe parasitoïde 寄生バチ Parasitsteklar Наездники Owadziarki Vespa parasitoide Їздці Parasitoid wasp Parasítics Parasitica Parasitica 기생벌 زنبار طفيلي
rdfs:comment: 기생벌은 어미벌의 산란으로 유충상태를 숙주의 몸에서 보내는 벌을 말한다.다른 곤충의 알, 애벌레,성충에 기생하여 번식한다. 기생벌의 숙주는 곤충의 유충, 그 이외 각종 생물들 등이며, 기생당한 숙주는 양분을 빼앗기거나, 번데기가 되었을 때 속을 갉아먹혀 죽게 된다. Tawon parasitoid adalah kelompok besar superfamili-superfamili Hymenoptera, dengan semua kecuali tawon kayu termasuk dalam Apocrita yang berpinggang-tawon. Sebagai parasitoid, mereka bertelur di dalam atau pada tubuh artropoda lainnya, cepat atau lambat menyebabkan kematian inang-inangnya. Spesies yang berbeda mengkhususkan diri pada inang dari ordo serangga yang berbeda, paling sering Lepidoptera, meskipun beberapa memilih kumbang, lalat, atau kepik; tawon laba-laba secara eksklusif menyerang laba-laba. Їздці, наїзники, паразитичні оси (Parasitica) — група перетинчастокрилих комах підряду Стебельчасточеревні (Apocrita). Самиці відкладають яйця у личинки, яйця та лялечки інших комах і павуків (деякі — у рослинні тканини), на яких потім паразитують їхні безногі личинки; використовуються у біологічних методах боротьби із шкідливими комахами . Серед тих, хто успішно вивчав їздців — ентомологи О. О. Оглоблін і М. А. Теленга. Вагомий внесок у вивчення цих комах зробили українські ентомологи — М. Д. Зерова, С. В. Кононова, О. В. Гумовський, В. Г. Толканіц, В. М. Фурсов, . 寄生バチ（きせいバチ、やどりバチ、寄生蜂）はハチ目のうち、生活史の中で、寄生生活する時期を持つものの総称である。分類学的には、ハチ目ハチ亜目＋の系統に見られ、進化史上一度だけ獲得されたと考えられる。 Owadziarki (Terebrantes) – grupa błonkoskrzydłych z podrzędu trzonkówek (Apocrita). Dojrzałe owadziarki mają dwuczłonowe krętarze nóg i często wieloczłonowe czułki, samice mają zwykle pokładełko (czasem bardzo długie), nie mają natomiast żądła. Larwy są beznogie, bez oczu i ze słabo zaznaczoną puszką głowową, są pasożytami wewnętrznymi owadów lub rzadziej roślin. Wiele gatunków jest naturalnymi wrogami szkodników roślin, niektóre z nich są sztucznie rozmnażane (np. z rodzajów Trichogramma i ). Nieliczne (np. i ) są groźnymi pasożytami pszczół, zwłaszcza miesierek (Megachile). De onderorde Parasitica, of de onderorde der sluipwespen, is een onderorde van de orde der vliesvleugeligen (Hymenoptera). De vroegere onderorde van de sluipwespen wordt tegenwoordig samengevoegd met de vroegere onderode van de angeldragers tot de onderorde Apocrita. Els parasítics (Parasitica) són un antic infraordre d'himenòpters apòcrits, avui en desús. Són principalment parasitoides d'altres animals, sobre tot d'artròpodes. Molts, com els de la família Braconidae, es consideren beneficiosos pels humans pel control biològic de les plagues en agricultura. Les guêpes parasitoïdes sont des hyménoptères qui parasitent d'autres arthropodes. De ce fait, nombreuses sont celles utiles pour le contrôle d'insectes nuisibles à l'agriculture. Elles sont très nombreuses et pondent un ou plusieurs œufs, généralement dans une larve (bien que de nombreuses espèces s'attaquent aux imagos) hôte qui sera tuée par les larves parasitoïdes. L'interaction entre les guêpes parasitoïdes et l'hôte est très complexe et variée. Par exemple, il apparaît que certaines plantes possèdent des composés volatils, comme le salicylate de méthyle, qui attirent certaines guêpes parasitoïdes qui tueront l'insecte herbivore. Parasitoid wasps are a large group of hymenopteran superfamilies, with all but the wood wasps (Orussoidea) being in the wasp-waisted Apocrita. As parasitoids, they lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other arthropods, sooner or later causing the death of these hosts. Different species specialise in hosts from different insect orders, most often Lepidoptera, though some select beetles, flies, or bugs; the spider wasps (Pompilidae) exclusively attack spiders. Las avispas parasitoides (Parasitica) son una agrupación de superfamilias de Hymenoptera de Apocrita. Son parasitoides de otros animales, especialmente de artrópodos. Muchos de ellos, como los de la familia Braconidae, son considerados beneficiosos porque actúan como controles biológicos de insectos que son plagas de la agricultura. En algunos casos se los utiliza para el manejo integrado de plagas. Нае́здники (лат. Parasitica) — парафилетический инфраотряд перепончатокрылых, главным образом подотряда стебельчатобрюхих, объединяющий более 100 000 видов мелких и микроскопических насекомых. Они, прежде всего, являются паразитоидами других животных, в основном других членистоногих. Многие из них, такие как семейство Braconidae и трихограммы, полезны для людей, так как регулируют численность сельскохозяйственных вредителей. Parasitsteklar, Parasitica eller Terebrantes, är den artrikaste infraordningen inom insektsordningen steklar med cirka 250 000 arter, varav närmare 7 000 är påträffade i Sverige. De flesta lever som parasitoider på andra insekter men det finns även arter som är växtätande, till exempel gallsteklar. Vissa arter är parasitoider på andra parasitoider. De kallas då för hyperparasitoider. Storleken är mycket variabel, från 0,2 millimeter för dvärgsteklar (Mymaridae) till 120 millimeter hos de största arterna i familjen brokparasitsteklar (Ichneumonidae). Parasitsteklarna spelar en viktig roll i naturen genom att hålla nere populationen av andra insekter och de används för biologisk bekämpning av skadeinsekter. O termo vespas parasitas, vespas parasíticas ou vespas parasitóides, refere-se a uma série evolutiva de superfamílias de himenópteros, especialmente da subordem Apocrita. Os Apocrita parasitóides estão divididos em algumas dezenas de famílias. São parasitoides de diversos animais, nomeadamente outros artrópodes. Muitas são considerados benéficos aos humanos visto que controlam populações de pestes agrícolas. Outras não são benéficas uma vez que desenvolvem hiperparasitismo, atacando parasitóides benéficos. الزنبار الطفيلي حشرة تنتمي إلى واحد من فيالق عديدة من ذوات الخصر التي تتبع رتبة غشائيات الأجنحة. تضم الزنابير الطفيلية عدة عشرات من الفصائل. تقوم الزنابير الطفيلية بالتطفل على حشرات أخرى أو حتى حيوانات.
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dbp:caption: Apparently healthy moth caterpillar feeds, grows, and molts... ...but endoparasitic koinobiont wasp larvae eventually fill its body and kill it.
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dbo:abstract: Tawon parasitoid adalah kelompok besar superfamili-superfamili Hymenoptera, dengan semua kecuali tawon kayu termasuk dalam Apocrita yang berpinggang-tawon. Sebagai parasitoid, mereka bertelur di dalam atau pada tubuh artropoda lainnya, cepat atau lambat menyebabkan kematian inang-inangnya. Spesies yang berbeda mengkhususkan diri pada inang dari ordo serangga yang berbeda, paling sering Lepidoptera, meskipun beberapa memilih kumbang, lalat, atau kepik; tawon laba-laba secara eksklusif menyerang laba-laba. Spesies tawon parasitoid berbeda dalam fase kehidupan inang yang mereka serang: telur, larva, pupa, atau dewasa. Mereka terutama mengikuti salah satu dari dua strategi utama dalam parasitisme: mereka endoparasit, berkembang di dalam inang, dan koinobiont, memungkinkan inang untuk terus makan, berkembang, dan melakukan ekdisis; atau mereka ektoparasit, berkembang di luar inang, dan idiobiont, melumpuhkan inang dengan cepat. Beberapa tawon endoparasit memiliki hubungan mutualistik dengan , virus yang menekan pertahanan kekebalan tubuh inang. Parasitoidisme berevolusi hanya sekali di Hymenoptera, selama periode Permian, mengarah ke klad tunggal, tetapi gaya hidup parasit telah hilang beberapa kali termasuk di antara semut, lebah, dan . Akibatnya, ordo Hymenoptera mengandung banyak famili parasitoid, bercampur dengan kelompok non-parasitoid. Tawon parasitoid mencakup beberapa kelompok yang sangat besar, beberapa perkiraan memberikan sebanyak 500.000 spesies, 100.000 spesies, dan hingga 50.000 spesies. Serangga inang telah mengevolusikan berbagai pertahanan terhadap tawon parasitoid, termasuk bersembunyi, menggeliat, dan tanda kamuflase. Banyak tawon parasitoid dianggap bermanfaat bagi manusia karena mereka mengendalikan hama pertanian secara alami. Beberapa diterapkan secara komersial dalam pengendalian hama biologis, dimulai pada tahun 1920 dengan untuk mengendalikan whitefly di rumah kaca. Secara historis, parasitoidisme pada tawon memengaruhi pemikiran Charles Darwin. 寄生バチ（きせいバチ、やどりバチ、寄生蜂）はハチ目のうち、生活史の中で、寄生生活する時期を持つものの総称である。分類学的には、ハチ目ハチ亜目＋の系統に見られ、進化史上一度だけ獲得されたと考えられる。 Нае́здники (лат. Parasitica) — парафилетический инфраотряд перепончатокрылых, главным образом подотряда стебельчатобрюхих, объединяющий более 100 000 видов мелких и микроскопических насекомых. Они, прежде всего, являются паразитоидами других животных, в основном других членистоногих. Многие из них, такие как семейство Braconidae и трихограммы, полезны для людей, так как регулируют численность сельскохозяйственных вредителей. De onderorde Parasitica, of de onderorde der sluipwespen, is een onderorde van de orde der vliesvleugeligen (Hymenoptera). De vroegere onderorde van de sluipwespen wordt tegenwoordig samengevoegd met de vroegere onderode van de angeldragers tot de onderorde Apocrita. Parasitoid wasps are a large group of hymenopteran superfamilies, with all but the wood wasps (Orussoidea) being in the wasp-waisted Apocrita. As parasitoids, they lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other arthropods, sooner or later causing the death of these hosts. Different species specialise in hosts from different insect orders, most often Lepidoptera, though some select beetles, flies, or bugs; the spider wasps (Pompilidae) exclusively attack spiders. Parasitoid wasp species differ in which host life-stage they attack: eggs, larvae, pupae, or adults. They mainly follow one of two major strategies within parasitism: either they are endoparasitic, developing inside the host, and koinobiont, allowing the host to continue to feed, develop, and moult; or they are ectoparasitic, developing outside the host, and idiobiont, paralysing the host immediately. Some endoparasitic wasps of the superfamily Ichneumonoidea have a mutualistic relationship with polydnaviruses, the viruses suppressing the host's immune defenses. Parasitoidism evolved only once in the Hymenoptera, during the Permian, leading to a single clade, but the parasitic lifestyle has secondarily been lost several times including among the ants, bees, and yellowjacket wasps. As a result, the order Hymenoptera contains many families of parasitoids, intermixed with non-parasitoid groups. The parasitoid wasps include some very large groups, some estimates giving the Chalcidoidea as many as 500,000 species, the Ichneumonidae 100,000 species, and the Braconidae up to 50,000 species.Host insects have evolved a range of defences against parasitoid wasps, including hiding, wriggling, and camouflage markings. Many parasitoid wasps are considered beneficial to humans because they naturally control agricultural pests. Some are applied commercially in biological pest control, starting in the 1920s with Encarsia formosa to control whitefly in greenhouses. Historically, parasitoidism in wasps influenced the thinking of Charles Darwin. O termo vespas parasitas, vespas parasíticas ou vespas parasitóides, refere-se a uma série evolutiva de superfamílias de himenópteros, especialmente da subordem Apocrita. Os Apocrita parasitóides estão divididos em algumas dezenas de famílias. São parasitoides de diversos animais, nomeadamente outros artrópodes. Muitas são considerados benéficos aos humanos visto que controlam populações de pestes agrícolas. Outras não são benéficas uma vez que desenvolvem hiperparasitismo, atacando parasitóides benéficos. Colocam um ou mais ovos, normalmente na fase larvar de outros artrópodes, embora muitas espécies também ataquem o estádio adulto imago, que será morto pelo estádio larvar do parasita. A interacção entre as vespas parasitas e respectivos hospedeiros pode ser muito complexa e variada. Por exemplo, verifica-se que algumas plantas emitem , tais como o , que atraem certas vespas que matam os insectos herbívoros. Els parasítics (Parasitica) són un antic infraordre d'himenòpters apòcrits, avui en desús. Són principalment parasitoides d'altres animals, sobre tot d'artròpodes. Molts, com els de la família Braconidae, es consideren beneficiosos pels humans pel control biològic de les plagues en agricultura. Las avispas parasitoides (Parasitica) son una agrupación de superfamilias de Hymenoptera de Apocrita. Son parasitoides de otros animales, especialmente de artrópodos. Muchos de ellos, como los de la familia Braconidae, son considerados beneficiosos porque actúan como controles biológicos de insectos que son plagas de la agricultura. En algunos casos se los utiliza para el manejo integrado de plagas. Algunas de estas avispas ejercen una forma refinada de control de plagas. Ciertos tipos de plantas tienen compuestos químicos que son modificados por la saliva de orugas. Cuando la saliva de una oruga se combina con la savia de la planta se forma un nuevo compuesto aromático que atrae a las avispas parasitoides. La avispa paraliza a la oruga y la usa para depositar sus huevos. Así la oruga no puede terminar su ciclo biológico. Ésta es una forma de mutualismo entre la planta y la avispa y funciona como tal cuando la planta se ve atacada y envía un llamado a la avispa. Parasitsteklar, Parasitica eller Terebrantes, är den artrikaste infraordningen inom insektsordningen steklar med cirka 250 000 arter, varav närmare 7 000 är påträffade i Sverige. De flesta lever som parasitoider på andra insekter men det finns även arter som är växtätande, till exempel gallsteklar. Vissa arter är parasitoider på andra parasitoider. De kallas då för hyperparasitoider. Storleken är mycket variabel, från 0,2 millimeter för dvärgsteklar (Mymaridae) till 120 millimeter hos de största arterna i familjen brokparasitsteklar (Ichneumonidae). Parasitsteklarna spelar en viktig roll i naturen genom att hålla nere populationen av andra insekter och de används för biologisk bekämpning av skadeinsekter. Till skillnad från sin systergrupp (infraordningen gaddsteklar) har parasitsteklarnas honor ett tydligt äggläggningsrör. Owadziarki (Terebrantes) – grupa błonkoskrzydłych z podrzędu trzonkówek (Apocrita). Dojrzałe owadziarki mają dwuczłonowe krętarze nóg i często wieloczłonowe czułki, samice mają zwykle pokładełko (czasem bardzo długie), nie mają natomiast żądła. Larwy są beznogie, bez oczu i ze słabo zaznaczoną puszką głowową, są pasożytami wewnętrznymi owadów lub rzadziej roślin. Wiele gatunków jest naturalnymi wrogami szkodników roślin, niektóre z nich są sztucznie rozmnażane (np. z rodzajów Trichogramma i ). Nieliczne (np. i ) są groźnymi pasożytami pszczół, zwłaszcza miesierek (Megachile). Їздці, наїзники, паразитичні оси (Parasitica) — група перетинчастокрилих комах підряду Стебельчасточеревні (Apocrita). Самиці відкладають яйця у личинки, яйця та лялечки інших комах і павуків (деякі — у рослинні тканини), на яких потім паразитують їхні безногі личинки; використовуються у біологічних методах боротьби із шкідливими комахами . Серед тих, хто успішно вивчав їздців — ентомологи О. О. Оглоблін і М. А. Теленга. Вагомий внесок у вивчення цих комах зробили українські ентомологи — М. Д. Зерова, С. В. Кононова, О. В. Гумовський, В. Г. Толканіц, В. М. Фурсов, . 기생벌은 어미벌의 산란으로 유충상태를 숙주의 몸에서 보내는 벌을 말한다.다른 곤충의 알, 애벌레,성충에 기생하여 번식한다. 기생벌의 숙주는 곤충의 유충, 그 이외 각종 생물들 등이며, 기생당한 숙주는 양분을 빼앗기거나, 번데기가 되었을 때 속을 갉아먹혀 죽게 된다. Les guêpes parasitoïdes sont des hyménoptères qui parasitent d'autres arthropodes. De ce fait, nombreuses sont celles utiles pour le contrôle d'insectes nuisibles à l'agriculture. Elles sont très nombreuses et pondent un ou plusieurs œufs, généralement dans une larve (bien que de nombreuses espèces s'attaquent aux imagos) hôte qui sera tuée par les larves parasitoïdes. L'interaction entre les guêpes parasitoïdes et l'hôte est très complexe et variée. Par exemple, il apparaît que certaines plantes possèdent des composés volatils, comme le salicylate de méthyle, qui attirent certaines guêpes parasitoïdes qui tueront l'insecte herbivore. L'un des principaux, sinon le principal obstacle au bon développement de la larve de la guêpe parasitoïde étant le système immunitaire de l'hôte, diverses stratégies ont été développées pour le contourner ou carrément le supprimer. Par exemple, certaines espèces de guêpes parasitoïdes injectent en même temps que leurs œufs un venin qui affectera le bon fonctionnement du système immunitaire de l'hôte. Chez d'autres espèces, ce sont des particules virales qui sont injectées dans l'hôte et qui ont cet effet. Ce dernier cas est particulièrement intéressant puisqu'il s'agit d'une forme de symbiose entre un organisme eucaryote et un virus. En effet, plusieurs groupes de guêpes ont incorporé à leurs propres gènes le génome proviral d'un polydnavirus. Certains gènes de ce dernier codent des particules qui interfèrent avec le système immunitaire et le développement de l'hôte. Cette stratégie de symbiose semble avoir favorisé la radiation de ces guêpes parasitoïdes puisqu'on estime qu'il existe dix mille espèces de guêpes parasitoïdes possédant un virus symbiotique. الزنبار الطفيلي حشرة تنتمي إلى واحد من فيالق عديدة من ذوات الخصر التي تتبع رتبة غشائيات الأجنحة. تضم الزنابير الطفيلية عدة عشرات من الفصائل. تقوم الزنابير الطفيلية بالتطفل على حشرات أخرى أو حتى حيوانات.
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