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Fouling (Kühlwasser) Fouling Incrustação Incrustación Aanslag (oppervlakteverontreiniging) Incrustació Καθαλάτωση Entartrage Incrostazione
rdfs:comment
Designam-se por incrustações os depósitos que se formam no interior das tubagens (br:tubulações), devido à fixação de substâncias em suspensão e da precipitação de sólidos dissolvidos que se transformam em sólidos insolúveis devido ao aumento da temperatura. Unter Fouling (engl. Verschmutzung, Bewuchs) versteht man die Verschmutzung von wärmeübertragenden Anlagenteilen durch Inhaltsstoffe des benutzten Kühlwassers. In der Kühltechnik und auch anderen technischen Bereichen unterscheidet man zunächst grob nach Mikro- und Makrofouling. Una incrustación​ es la acción y el efecto de cubrirse una superficie con una costra mineral, precipitada a partir de sustancias disueltas en el agua. Las incrustaciones más frecuentes son las de naturaleza calcárea y pueden formarse sobre cualquier superficie expuesta a aguas duras, como rocas, animales, vegetales o conducciones de agua artificiales, como canales o tuberías. Una vez saturada de gas carbónico, el agua puede disolver una cantidad de carbonato de calcio equivalente a 0,0009 de su masa. Esa sal se convierte en carbonato que, en razón de su inestabilidad química, se disocia: el gas carbónico se desprende y el carbonato de calcio queda depositado en las superficies sobre las cuales discurre el agua, formándose una costra calcárea cada vez más gruesa.​ Il termine incrostazione (in inglese fouling) si riferisce al deposito di particolato su superfici o setti di cui compromette la funzionalità. Il fenomeno può essere dovuto all'accumulo e deposito di organismi viventi, animali e vegetali sia unicellulari sia pluricellulari (bio-incrostazione), o di altre sostanze non-viventi (organiche o inorganiche). L'incrostazione può creare condizioni anaerobiche e rendere possibile l'attacco dei batteri solfato-riduttori o condizioni di aerazione differenziata e quindi di corrosione localizzata. È anche una causa di disattivazione dei catalizzatori. La incrustació és l'acumulació de material no desitjat sobre superfícies sòlides. Els materials de contaminació poden consistir en organismes vius o en una substància no viva (inorgànica o orgànica). La incrustació es distingeix generalment d'altres fenòmens de creixement superficial perquè es produeix en una superfície d'un component, sistema o planta que realitza una funció definida i útil i que el procés d'incrustació impedeix o interfereix amb aquesta funció. Καθαλάτωση ονομάζεται το φαινόμενο της εναπόθεσης, υπό μορφή σκληρού φλοιού (κρούστας), στερεών ουσιών αλάτων και κυρίως, ανθρακικών, π.χ. ανθρακικού ασβεστίου, ανθρακικού μαγνησίου, , ή χλωριούχου νατρίου, , κ.ά. στα τοιχώματα δοχείων όπου βράζεται νερό, όπως π.χ. σε λέβητες, εξ ου και η ονομασία αυτής της κρούστας λεβητόλιθος (boiler scale). Όσο βαρύτερο (πλουσιότερο) σε άλατα είναι το νερό, τόσο μεγαλύτερη είναι και η καθαλάτωση. Η καθαλάτωση, εκτός του ότι επιφέρει μείωση της απόδοσης του λέβητα, είναι δυνατόν να προκαλέσει μέχρι και την έκρηξη αυτού. Aanslag of oppervlakteverontreiniging (in het Engels fouling genoemd) is de ophoping of van ongewenst materiaal op vaste oppervlakken. Meestal kan de ophoping zich opbouwen tot het object niet meer functioneert. Andere termen die worden gebruikt om aanslag te beschrijven zijn onder meer vuilafzetting, corrosieaanslag, , depositie, rijpafzetting (denk hierbij aan de aangeslagen brilglazen), ketelsteenvorming en andere vormen van kalkaanslag, schimmelaanslag, algenaanslag, slakvorming en slibvorming. Fouling is the accumulation of unwanted material on solid surfaces. The fouling materials can consist of either living organisms (biofouling) or a non-living substance (inorganic or organic). Fouling is usually distinguished from other surface-growth phenomena in that it occurs on a surface of a component, system, or plant performing a defined and useful function and that the fouling process impedes or interferes with this function. L'entartrage est le dépôt de tartre sur un objet ou à l'intérieur d'une canalisation. L'eau, ou d'autres fluides contenant de l'eau provenant du sous-sol, des fleuves, rivières, lacs, puits ou du robinet, contiennent en plus ou moins grande quantité des minéraux dissous sous forme de sels, tels que des ions calcium, magnésium, potassium et de nombreux autres sels minéraux.
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La incrustació és l'acumulació de material no desitjat sobre superfícies sòlides. Els materials de contaminació poden consistir en organismes vius o en una substància no viva (inorgànica o orgànica). La incrustació es distingeix generalment d'altres fenòmens de creixement superficial perquè es produeix en una superfície d'un component, sistema o planta que realitza una funció definida i útil i que el procés d'incrustació impedeix o interfereix amb aquesta funció. Els fenòmens de contaminació són comuns i diversos, que van des de la incrustació dels bucs dels vaixells, superfícies naturals en el medi marí ( fouling ), contaminació de components de transferència de calor a través d'ingredients continguts en aigua de refrigeració o gasos, i fins i tot el desenvolupament de placa o càlcul a les dents. o dipòsits en plaques solars a Mart, entre altres exemples. L'entartrage est le dépôt de tartre sur un objet ou à l'intérieur d'une canalisation. L'eau, ou d'autres fluides contenant de l'eau provenant du sous-sol, des fleuves, rivières, lacs, puits ou du robinet, contiennent en plus ou moins grande quantité des minéraux dissous sous forme de sels, tels que des ions calcium, magnésium, potassium et de nombreux autres sels minéraux. Dans certaines conditions (brutale dépression de fluides saturés en minéraux, augmentation de la température, catalyseurs appropriés ou noyaux de cristallisation, bactéries), ces minéraux peuvent précipiter, cristalliser ou être utilisés par des biofilms bactériens, comme c'est le cas avec le tartre dentaire. Quand l'épaisseur de tartre est importante, on parle de « ». Una incrustación​ es la acción y el efecto de cubrirse una superficie con una costra mineral, precipitada a partir de sustancias disueltas en el agua. Las incrustaciones más frecuentes son las de naturaleza calcárea y pueden formarse sobre cualquier superficie expuesta a aguas duras, como rocas, animales, vegetales o conducciones de agua artificiales, como canales o tuberías. Una vez saturada de gas carbónico, el agua puede disolver una cantidad de carbonato de calcio equivalente a 0,0009 de su masa. Esa sal se convierte en carbonato que, en razón de su inestabilidad química, se disocia: el gas carbónico se desprende y el carbonato de calcio queda depositado en las superficies sobre las cuales discurre el agua, formándose una costra calcárea cada vez más gruesa.​ Ese mismo proceso químico es, por lo demás, el que da lugar a la formación de tobas (por el agua que gotea sobre hierbas y musgos), de estalactitas, estalagmitas y otras concreciones minerales.​ Il termine incrostazione (in inglese fouling) si riferisce al deposito di particolato su superfici o setti di cui compromette la funzionalità. Il fenomeno può essere dovuto all'accumulo e deposito di organismi viventi, animali e vegetali sia unicellulari sia pluricellulari (bio-incrostazione), o di altre sostanze non-viventi (organiche o inorganiche). In particolare, "incrostazione marina" si riferisce alle incrostazioni che ricoprono la superficie degli oggetti rimasti sommersi in ambiente acqueo e marino, come le carene delle barche, i manufatti in pietra, metallo, legno nonché le strutture in calcestruzzo direttamente bagnate dal mare. L'incrostazione può creare condizioni anaerobiche e rendere possibile l'attacco dei batteri solfato-riduttori o condizioni di aerazione differenziata e quindi di corrosione localizzata. In alcuni casi può invece proteggere il metallo sottostante, ricoprendolo con un deposito calcareo che impedisce l'apporto di ossigeno alla superficie del metallo. È anche una causa di disattivazione dei catalizzatori. Fouling is the accumulation of unwanted material on solid surfaces. The fouling materials can consist of either living organisms (biofouling) or a non-living substance (inorganic or organic). Fouling is usually distinguished from other surface-growth phenomena in that it occurs on a surface of a component, system, or plant performing a defined and useful function and that the fouling process impedes or interferes with this function. Other terms used in the literature to describe fouling include deposit formation, encrustation, crudding, deposition, scaling, scale formation, slagging, and sludge formation. The last six terms have a more narrow meaning than fouling within the scope of the fouling science and technology, and they also have meanings outside of this scope; therefore, they should be used with caution. Fouling phenomena are common and diverse, ranging from fouling of ship hulls, natural surfaces in the marine environment (marine fouling), fouling of heat-transfer components through ingredients contained in cooling water or gases, and even the development of plaque or calculus on teeth or deposits on solar panels on Mars, among other examples. This article is primarily devoted to the fouling of industrial heat exchangers, although the same theory is generally applicable to other varieties of fouling. In cooling technology and other technical fields, a distinction is made between macro fouling and micro fouling. Of the two, micro fouling is the one that is usually more difficult to prevent and therefore more important. Designam-se por incrustações os depósitos que se formam no interior das tubagens (br:tubulações), devido à fixação de substâncias em suspensão e da precipitação de sólidos dissolvidos que se transformam em sólidos insolúveis devido ao aumento da temperatura. Καθαλάτωση ονομάζεται το φαινόμενο της εναπόθεσης, υπό μορφή σκληρού φλοιού (κρούστας), στερεών ουσιών αλάτων και κυρίως, ανθρακικών, π.χ. ανθρακικού ασβεστίου, ανθρακικού μαγνησίου, , ή χλωριούχου νατρίου, , κ.ά. στα τοιχώματα δοχείων όπου βράζεται νερό, όπως π.χ. σε λέβητες, εξ ου και η ονομασία αυτής της κρούστας λεβητόλιθος (boiler scale). Όσο βαρύτερο (πλουσιότερο) σε άλατα είναι το νερό, τόσο μεγαλύτερη είναι και η καθαλάτωση. Η καθαλάτωση, εκτός του ότι επιφέρει μείωση της απόδοσης του λέβητα, είναι δυνατόν να προκαλέσει μέχρι και την έκρηξη αυτού. Σημειώνεται ότι κατά τη συνεχή λειτουργία των λεβήτων παρουσιάζεται συνεχής αύξηση της πυκνότητας των αλάτων, εντός του υδροθαλάμου, και τούτο διότι με κάθε νέα ποσότητα νερού που εισέρχεται στο λέβητα, μετατρεπόμενο σε ατμό, τα άλατα που περιέχει παραμένουν στον υδροθάλαμο. Έτσι, κάθε νέα υδροδότηση, όπως συνέβαινε παλαιότερα στις σιδηροδρομικές ατμομηχανές, ή και όταν γίνεται προς συμπλήρωση νερού λόγω απωλειών στο τροφοδοτικό κύκλωμα του λέβητα, αυξάνεται συνεχώς η ποσότητα των αλάτων, καθιστώντας έτσι αφενός το νερό πυκνότερο εντός του υδροθαλάμου, και αφετέρου μεγαλύτερης έκτασης δημιουργίας λεβητολίθου. Η αφαίρεση του λεβητολίθου, που τυγχάνει ιδιαίτερα δυσθερμαγωγό σώμα και που μπορεί άλλοτε να είναι σκληρός και άλλοτε πολτώδης, ανάλογα με την ποιότητα των αλάτων, καθίσταται πολύ δυσχερής. Για τον λόγο αυτό έχουν επινοηθεί πολλοί τρόποι παρεμπόδισης της δημιουργίας και για την αφαίρεσή του, μηχανικοί, χημικοί και ηλεκτρικοί. Σημαντικότεροι εξ αυτών θεωρούνται εκείνοι της πρόληψης της δημιουργίας λεβητολίθου που συνηθέστερα γίνεται ως προπαρασκευή του τροφοδοτικού νερού λεβήτων των μεγάλων εγκαταστάσεων ατμολεβήτων με συσκευές αφαλάτωσης. Γενικότερα, η προπαρασκευή αυτή αποτελεί ιδιαίτερο επιστημονικοτεχνικό κλάδο και απασχολεί κυρίως βιομηχανίες και εντεταλμένους στη συντήρηση ομοίων εγκαταστάσεων ή και συσκευών, π.χ. πλυντηρίων, θερμοσιφώνων, ηλιακών θερμοσιφώνων κ.λπ. Άξια ιδιαίτερης μνείας, εξ όλων των μεθόδων είναι η ηλεκτρική μέθοδος όπου ο αρνητικός πόλος μικρής γεννήτριας συνεχούς ρεύματος συνδέεται με τα τοιχώματα του λέβητα, κλείνοντας το κύκλωμα με ένα βολτόμετρο, καλούμενη μέθοδος Stromlos. Άλλοι μέθοδοι είναι: η μέθοδος Alfloc, η μέθοδος TIA, η μέθοδος Porta κ.ά. Unter Fouling (engl. Verschmutzung, Bewuchs) versteht man die Verschmutzung von wärmeübertragenden Anlagenteilen durch Inhaltsstoffe des benutzten Kühlwassers. In der Kühltechnik und auch anderen technischen Bereichen unterscheidet man zunächst grob nach Mikro- und Makrofouling. Aanslag of oppervlakteverontreiniging (in het Engels fouling genoemd) is de ophoping of van ongewenst materiaal op vaste oppervlakken. Meestal kan de ophoping zich opbouwen tot het object niet meer functioneert. Andere termen die worden gebruikt om aanslag te beschrijven zijn onder meer vuilafzetting, corrosieaanslag, , depositie, rijpafzetting (denk hierbij aan de aangeslagen brilglazen), ketelsteenvorming en andere vormen van kalkaanslag, schimmelaanslag, algenaanslag, slakvorming en slibvorming. Aanslag komt vaak voor en is erg divers; aanslag op scheepsrompen, algenvorming op mosselen in zeewater of op bomen in de buitenlucht, vervuiling van warmteoverdrachtscomponenten door componenten in koelwater of gassen, en zelfs de ontwikkeling van tandplak of tandsteen op tanden of de afzettingen op onder meer zonnepanelen op Mars. Dit artikel gaat voornamelijk over de aanslag van industriële warmtewisselaars, hoewel dezelfde theorie algemeen van toepassing is op andere soorten oppervlaktevervuiling. In de koeltechniek en andere technische vakgebieden wordt onderscheid gemaakt tussen macro-aanslag (macrofouling) en micro-aanslag (microfouling). Van de twee is micro-aanslag meestal moeilijker te voorkomen en dus belangrijker.
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