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الحرب الباردة (1979–1985) Guerra Fria (1979–1985) Guerre fraîche 冷战 (1979－1985年) Cold War (1979–1985)
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Este período da Guerra Fria de 1979 a 1985 que se insere, foi quando as relações entre as duas superpotências se tornaram piores, decorrente da Invasão soviética do Afeganistão. A mudança correspondente na política ocidental da Détente se tornou mais agressiva contra os soviéticos, favorecidos pelo ex-presidente dos Estados Unidos, Ronald Reagan e a ex-primeira-ministra britânica, Margaret Thatcher, que haviam deixado claro seu compromisso filosófico de combater o expansionismo soviético no mundo em desenvolvimento. Houve um retorno na corrida armamentista, com a questão de estacionar mísseis de médio alcance na Europa permaneceu incerto, e a proposta dos EUA sobre a Iniciativa Estratégica de Defesa que introduziu um novo paradigma e ameaçava a equação da Destruição mútua assegurada. Esta The Cold War from 1979 to 1985 was a late phase of the Cold War marked by a sharp increase in hostility between the Soviet Union and the West. It arose from a strong denunciation of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979. With the election of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in 1979, and American President Ronald Reagan in 1980, a corresponding change in Western foreign policy approach toward the Soviet Union was marked by the rejection of détente in favor of the Reagan Doctrine policy of rollback, with the stated goal of dissolving Soviet influence in Soviet Bloc countries. During this time, the threat of nuclear war had reached new heights not seen since the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. الحرب الباردة بين 1979 و1985 مرحلة متأخرة من تلك الحرب، امتازت بازدياد عداوة الغرب والاتحاد السوڤييتي ازديادًا حادًّا. نشأت بعدما أدان الغرب الغزو السوڤييتي لأفغانستان في ديسمبر 1979. بانتخاب رئيسة الوزراء مارغريت تاتشر في 1979، والرئيس الأمريكي رونالد ريغان في 1980، تغيرت السياسة الخارجية الغربية فيما يتعلق بالاتحاد السوفييتي، تغيرًا امتاز بنبذ سياسة «الانفراج» والميل عنها إلى مذهب ريغان القائم على سياسة «التراجع»، مع السعي المعلَن إلى القضاء على نفوذ السوڤييتيين في دول التكتُّل السوڤييتي. في هذه المرحلة ارتفعت احتمالية نشوب حرب نووية ارتفاعًا لم يشهده العالم منذ أزمة الصواريخ الكوبية في 1962. La « guerre fraîche » ou « guerre chaude » est une expression contemporaine utilisée pour décrire une dégradation des rapports Est-Ouest qui commence dans la seconde moitié des années 1970 et rompt avec la détente de la période précédente.
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الحرب الباردة بين 1979 و1985 مرحلة متأخرة من تلك الحرب، امتازت بازدياد عداوة الغرب والاتحاد السوڤييتي ازديادًا حادًّا. نشأت بعدما أدان الغرب الغزو السوڤييتي لأفغانستان في ديسمبر 1979. بانتخاب رئيسة الوزراء مارغريت تاتشر في 1979، والرئيس الأمريكي رونالد ريغان في 1980، تغيرت السياسة الخارجية الغربية فيما يتعلق بالاتحاد السوفييتي، تغيرًا امتاز بنبذ سياسة «الانفراج» والميل عنها إلى مذهب ريغان القائم على سياسة «التراجع»، مع السعي المعلَن إلى القضاء على نفوذ السوڤييتيين في دول التكتُّل السوڤييتي. في هذه المرحلة ارتفعت احتمالية نشوب حرب نووية ارتفاعًا لم يشهده العالم منذ أزمة الصواريخ الكوبية في 1962. غزا الاتحاد السوڤييتي أفغانستان بعد «ثورة ثور» الأفغانية، غزوة أدت إلى مقتل نحو مليون مدني، قبل أن يَضطَر المجاهدون السوفييتيين إلى انسحاب عسكري في 1989. من أجل هذه الغزوة أعلن الرئيس الأمريكي جيمي كارتر مقاطعة أمريكا لأولمبياد صيف 1980 الذي أقيم في موسكو. فردَّ الاتحاد السوڤييتي بمقاطعة أولمبياد صيف 1984 الذي أقيم في لوس أنجلوس بكاليفورنيا. ازداد التوتر بإعلان الولايات المتحدة أنها ستنشر صواريخ «بيرشينغ 2» في ألمانيا الغربية، ثم إعلان ريغان «مبادرة الدفاع الاستراتيجي» الأمريكية، وتفاقَم التوتر أكثر في 1983 حين وصف ريغان الاتحاد السوڤييتي بأنه «إمبراطورية شر». في إبريل 1983 أجْرت البحرية الأمريكية تدريب «فليت إكس 83-1»، وهو أكبر تدريب أسطولي أُجري في شمال المحيط الهادئ حتى الآن. تألف الأسطول من نحو 40 سفينة و23,000 جندي و300 طائرة، فربما عُدَّ أقوى أسطول بحري جُمع على الإطلاق. حاولت الطائرات والسفن الأمريكية استفزاز السوڤييتيين، لتدْرس المخابرات البحرية الأمريكية خصائص رادار السوڤييتيين وقدرات طائراتهم ومناوراتهم التكتيكية. في 4 إبريل حلقت 6 طائرات بحرية أمريكية -على الأقل- فوق جزيرة زيليني (أكبر جزيرة في مجموعة جُزر صغيرة تُدعى «جزر هابوماي»، لدى أقصى جنوب جزر الكوريل). غضب السوڤييتيون، وأمروا بعض طائراتهم بتحليق انتقامي فوق جزر ألوتيان، وأصدروا مذكرة احتجاج دبلوماسي رسمية، اتهموا فيها الولايات المتحدة بالاختراق المتكرر للمجال الجوي السوڤييتي. في سبتمبر اللاحق أَسقطت طائرة سوڤييتية اعتراضية «رحلة 007» التابعة للخطوط الجوية الكورية، فوق جزيرة مونيرون. في نوفمبر 1983 أجرى الناتو تدريب «إيبل آرتشر 83»، وهي محاكاة واقعية لهجوم نووي ناتُوِي، أثارت قلقًا كبيرًا في الاتحاد السوڤييتي، ويَعُدها مؤرخون كثيرون أقرب ما كان العالم إلى الحرب النووية منذ أزمة صاوريخ كوبا في 1962. شهدت هذه المرحلة: ولاية الرئيس ريغان الأولى (1981–1985)، وموت الرئيس السوڤييتي ليونيد بريجنيف (1982)، والفترة الرئاسية السوڤييتية القصيرة لِيوري أندروبوف (1982–1984) وقسطنطين تشيرنينكو (1984–1985). انتهت هذه المرحلة في 1985، بتولّي ميخائيل غورباتشوف الإصلاحي رئاسة الاتحاد السوڤييتي، وتعهُّده: بتقليل ما بين الشرق والغرب من توتر، وإجراء إصلاحات كبيرة في المجتمع السوڤييتي. Este período da Guerra Fria de 1979 a 1985 que se insere, foi quando as relações entre as duas superpotências se tornaram piores, decorrente da Invasão soviética do Afeganistão. A mudança correspondente na política ocidental da Détente se tornou mais agressiva contra os soviéticos, favorecidos pelo ex-presidente dos Estados Unidos, Ronald Reagan e a ex-primeira-ministra britânica, Margaret Thatcher, que haviam deixado claro seu compromisso filosófico de combater o expansionismo soviético no mundo em desenvolvimento. Houve um retorno na corrida armamentista, com a questão de estacionar mísseis de médio alcance na Europa permaneceu incerto, e a proposta dos EUA sobre a Iniciativa Estratégica de Defesa que introduziu um novo paradigma e ameaçava a equação da Destruição mútua assegurada. Esta fase da Guerra Fria terminou pouco depois de Mikhail Gorbachev assumir a liderança da União Soviética, e demonstrou um claro compromisso de reduzir as tensões entre o Ocidente e Oriente. La « guerre fraîche » ou « guerre chaude » est une expression contemporaine utilisée pour décrire une dégradation des rapports Est-Ouest qui commence dans la seconde moitié des années 1970 et rompt avec la détente de la période précédente. The Cold War from 1979 to 1985 was a late phase of the Cold War marked by a sharp increase in hostility between the Soviet Union and the West. It arose from a strong denunciation of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979. With the election of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in 1979, and American President Ronald Reagan in 1980, a corresponding change in Western foreign policy approach toward the Soviet Union was marked by the rejection of détente in favor of the Reagan Doctrine policy of rollback, with the stated goal of dissolving Soviet influence in Soviet Bloc countries. During this time, the threat of nuclear war had reached new heights not seen since the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan following the Saur Revolution in that country, ultimately leading to the deaths of around one million civilians. Mujahideen fighters succeeded in forcing a Soviet military withdrawal in 1989. In response, U.S. President Jimmy Carter announced a U.S.-led boycott of the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics. In 1984, the Soviet Union responded with its own boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California. Tensions increased when the U.S. announced they would deploy Pershing II missiles in West Germany, followed by Reagan's announcement of the U.S. Strategic Defense Initiative and were further exacerbated in 1983 when Reagan branded the Soviet Union an "evil empire". In April 1983, the United States Navy conducted FleetEx '83-1, the largest fleet exercise held to date in the North Pacific. The conglomeration of approximately forty ships with 23,000 crewmembers and 300 aircraft, was arguably the most powerful naval armada ever assembled. U.S. aircraft and ships attempted to provoke the Soviets into reacting, allowing U.S. Naval Intelligence to study Soviet radar characteristics, aircraft capabilities, and tactical maneuvers. On April 4, at least six U.S. Navy aircraft flew over one of the Kurile Islands, Zeleny Island, the largest of a set of islets called the Habomai Islands. The Soviets were outraged and ordered a retaliatory overflight of the Aleutian Islands. The Soviet Union also issued a formal diplomatic note of protest, which accused the United States of repeated penetrations of Soviet airspace. In the following September, the civilian airliner Korean Air Lines Flight 007 was downed by Soviet fighter jets over nearby Moneron Island. In November 1983, NATO conducted a military exercise known as "Able Archer 83". The realistic simulation of a nuclear attack by NATO forces caused considerable alarm in the USSR and is regarded by many historians to be the closest the world came to nuclear war since the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. This period of the Cold War would encompass the first term of American President Ronald Reagan (1981–1985), the death of Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev in 1982, and the brief interim period of Soviet leadership consisting of Yuri Andropov (1982–1984) and Konstantin Chernenko (1984–1985). This phase in the Cold War concluded in 1985 with the ascension of reform-minded Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev who possessed a commitment to reduce tensions between the East and the West and to bring about major reforms in Soviet society.
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