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The policy of the Soviet Union towards the Iran–Iraq War from 1980 to 1988 varied, beginning with a stance of "strict neutrality" and moving towards massive military support for Iraq in the final phase of the war. The war was inconvenient for the USSR, which had aimed to ally itself with both Iran and Iraq. In the first period of the war, the Soviets declared a policy of "strict neutrality" towards the two countries, at the same time urging a negotiated peace. Iraq had been an ally for decades and the Soviets had tried to win over Iran as well, but their offers of friendship were rebuffed by both the pro-Western Shah and the Ayatollah of Iran. After the Iranian revolution, the Islamic Republic established its slogan as "neither East nor West." In 1982, the war turned in Iran's favor and th

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  • The policy of the Soviet Union towards the Iran–Iraq War from 1980 to 1988 varied, beginning with a stance of "strict neutrality" and moving towards massive military support for Iraq in the final phase of the war. The war was inconvenient for the USSR, which had aimed to ally itself with both Iran and Iraq. In the first period of the war, the Soviets declared a policy of "strict neutrality" towards the two countries, at the same time urging a negotiated peace. Iraq had been an ally for decades and the Soviets had tried to win over Iran as well, but their offers of friendship were rebuffed by both the pro-Western Shah and the Ayatollah of Iran. After the Iranian revolution, the Islamic Republic established its slogan as "neither East nor West." In 1982, the war turned in Iran's favor and the Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini pledged not to stop the conflict until he had overthrown the Iraqi president Saddam Hussein. Such a prospect was unacceptable to the Soviet Union, which now resumed arms sales to Iraq while still maintaining an official policy of neutrality. The Soviets also feared losing Saddam's friendship with the West. After further Iranian gains in 1986, the Soviet Union massively increased its military aid to Iraq. The Soviets were now afraid of the Iranians encouraging Islamic revolution in Central Asia. Soviet aid allowed the Iraqis to mount a counteroffensive which brought the war to an end in August 1988. (en)
  • A política da União Soviética para a Guerra Irã-Iraque ocorrida de 1980-1988, variou, começando com uma postura de "estrita neutralidade" e acabando movendo um apoio militar para o Iraque na fase final da guerra. A guerra era conveniente para a URSS, que tinha como objetivo se aliar com o Irã e Iraque. No primeiro período da guerra, os soviéticos declararam uma política de "estrita neutralidade" para ambos os países, ao mesmo tempo que pedia uma paz negociada. O Iraque tinha sido um alidado há décadas e agora os soviéticos tentariam conquistar também o Irã, mas as suas ofertas de amizade foram rejeitadas pela liderança iraniana, cujo slogan era "nem Ocidente, nem Oriente". Em 1982, a guerra virou em favor do Irã e do líder iraniano Ayatollah Khomeini, que havia prometido não parar de lutar até derrubar o presidente iraquiano Saddam Hussein. Tal perspectiva era inaceitável para a União Soviética, que havia retomado as vendas de armas ao Iraque, mantendo uma política oficial de neutralidade. Os soviéticos temiam perder a amizade de Saddam para o Ocidente. Depois que o Irã virou o jogo a partir de 1986, a União Soviética apoiou militarmente o Iraque. Os soviéticos não tinham medo dos iranianos, que haviam incentivado a revolução islâmica na Ásia Central. A ajuda soviética permitiu que os iraquianos montassem uma contra-ofensiva que trouxe um fim a guerra em agosto de 1988. (pt)
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  • "Although the Soviets might not receive payments for several years, the sale of military hardware remained a critical source of revenue for them, and they have tried to retain Iraq as a customer ... In early 1988, Iraq owed the Soviet Union between US$8 billion and US$10 billion in military debts alone." (en)
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  • – Helen Chapin Metz, 1988 (en)
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  • 30.0
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  • The policy of the Soviet Union towards the Iran–Iraq War from 1980 to 1988 varied, beginning with a stance of "strict neutrality" and moving towards massive military support for Iraq in the final phase of the war. The war was inconvenient for the USSR, which had aimed to ally itself with both Iran and Iraq. In the first period of the war, the Soviets declared a policy of "strict neutrality" towards the two countries, at the same time urging a negotiated peace. Iraq had been an ally for decades and the Soviets had tried to win over Iran as well, but their offers of friendship were rebuffed by both the pro-Western Shah and the Ayatollah of Iran. After the Iranian revolution, the Islamic Republic established its slogan as "neither East nor West." In 1982, the war turned in Iran's favor and th (en)
  • A política da União Soviética para a Guerra Irã-Iraque ocorrida de 1980-1988, variou, começando com uma postura de "estrita neutralidade" e acabando movendo um apoio militar para o Iraque na fase final da guerra. A guerra era conveniente para a URSS, que tinha como objetivo se aliar com o Irã e Iraque. No primeiro período da guerra, os soviéticos declararam uma política de "estrita neutralidade" para ambos os países, ao mesmo tempo que pedia uma paz negociada. O Iraque tinha sido um alidado há décadas e agora os soviéticos tentariam conquistar também o Irã, mas as suas ofertas de amizade foram rejeitadas pela liderança iraniana, cujo slogan era "nem Ocidente, nem Oriente". Em 1982, a guerra virou em favor do Irã e do líder iraniano Ayatollah Khomeini, que havia prometido não parar de lutar (pt)
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  • União Soviética na Guerra Irã–Iraque (pt)
  • Soviet involvement in the Iran–Iraq War (en)
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