About: Sook Ching

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Sook Ching was a mass killing that occurred from 18 February to 4 March 1942 in Singapore after it fell to the Japanese. It was a systematic purge and massacre of 'anti-Japanese' elements in Singapore, with the Singaporean Chinese particularly targeted by the Japanese military during the occupation. However, Japanese soldiers engaged in indiscriminate killing, and did not try to identify who was 'anti-Japanese.' Singapore was a crucial strategic point in World War II. From 8 February to 15 February, the Japanese had fought for control of the city. The combined British and Commonwealth forces surrendered in a stunning defeat to the outnumbered Japanese on 15 February which led to its fall. The loss of Singapore was and still is Britain's largest surrender in history.

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  • Pembantaian Sook Ching (Hanzi: 肅清大屠殺) adalah suatu pemusnahan sistematis atas unsur-unsur yang diduga membahayakan di antara di Singapura oleh Angkatan Darat Kekaisaran Jepang selama penjajahan Jepang, setelah pasukan kolonial Britania Raya menyerah pada tanggal 15 Februari 1942. Sook Ching belakangan juga digunakan untuk menyebut pembantaian yang ditujukan kepada orang Tionghoa-Malaya. Pembantaian tersebut terjadi pada tanggal 4 Maret 1942 di berbagai tempat. Istilah Sook Ching berasal dari bahasa Tionghoa yang berarti "pembersihan melalui pemurnian". Istilah inilah yang digunakan oleh Badan Warisan Nasional Singapura dalam publikasi-publikasinya. Pada saat itu, Jepang menggunakan istilah Kakyōshukusei atau "pembersihan Tionghoa", atau secara lebih halus Shingapōru Daikenshō, yang secara harfiah berarti "inspeksi besar Singapura" untuk pembantaian itu. Istilah Jepang masa kini untuk menyebut pembantaian itu adalah Shingapōru Kakyōgyakusatsujiken atau "pembantaian Tionghoa-Singapura". Meskipun sama-sama setuju bahwa Pembantaian Sook Ching pernah terjadi, sumber-sumber Singapura dan Jepang berbeda dalam menyebutkan jumlah korbannya. (in)
  • Le massacre de Sook Ching ou simplement Sook Ching (en chinois simplifié 肃清, en chinois mandarin 肅清, en pinyin Sùqīng, ce qui signifie « purger par le nettoyage ») est une extermination systématique par l'armée impériale japonaise de personnes perçues comme des éléments hostiles parmi la population chinoise de Singapour durant l'occupation de la colonie britannique lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Singapour s'était rendue le 15 février 1942, l'opération Sook Ching, qui était supervisée par la Kempeitai, se déroula du 18 février au 4 mars 1942 et fut ensuite étendue aux Chinois de la Malaisie britannique, également occupée par les Japonais. Le Sook Ching est appelé par les Japonais Kakyōshukusei (en japonais 華僑粛清), « purge de Chinois ») ou aussi Shingapōru Daikenshō (en japonais シンガポール大検証, littéralement la « grande inspection de Singapour. » Les chiffres sur le nombre de victimes varient : les statistiques officielles japonaises font état de moins de 5 000 morts alors que la communauté chinoise de Singapour parle d'environ 100 000 victimes. Lee Kuan Yew, premier ministre de Singapour dans un documentaire sur Discovery Channel estimait le nombre de morts « entre 50 et 100 000 jeunes hommes. » (fr)
  • Sook Ching was a mass killing that occurred from 18 February to 4 March 1942 in Singapore after it fell to the Japanese. It was a systematic purge and massacre of 'anti-Japanese' elements in Singapore, with the Singaporean Chinese particularly targeted by the Japanese military during the occupation. However, Japanese soldiers engaged in indiscriminate killing, and did not try to identify who was 'anti-Japanese.' Singapore was a crucial strategic point in World War II. From 8 February to 15 February, the Japanese had fought for control of the city. The combined British and Commonwealth forces surrendered in a stunning defeat to the outnumbered Japanese on 15 February which led to its fall. The loss of Singapore was and still is Britain's largest surrender in history. Three days later after the fall on 18 February, the occupying Japanese military began mass killings of a wide range of "undesirables", who were mostly ethnic Chinese, influenced by the events of the Second Sino-Japanese War that was raging simultaneously as far back as 1937. The operation was overseen by the Imperial Japanese Army's Kempeitai, its secret police. Along with Singapore, Sook Ching was subsequently also extended to include the Chinese population in Malaya, which was also under occupation by the Japanese. Concurrently, non-Chinese individuals were also not completely spared in other parts of Asia under Japanese occupation; the Japanese had also killed at least 150,000 Tamil Indians as well as an additional 90,000 civilians in Burma and Thailand, many of which were also forced to work on the Siam–Burma Railway, infamously known as the Death Railway. The aim for such a purge was to intimidate the Chinese community, which was considered by the Japanese to be potentially the main centre of resistance to Japanese aims of territorial expansion throughout the Asia-Pacific. The Japanese had also thought of it as a "revenge" for their perceived anti-Japanese activity in the Sinophone regions, such as procuring financial aid for China after the Japanese invasion of Manchuria and during the Second Sino-Japanese War. As a consequence, Sook Ching was aimed primarily at Chinese political and social activists, volunteers fighting on the side of the Allies, as well as representatives of Chinese triads. In practice, however, the arrests and executions were carried out by the Japanese in a completely arbitrary manner, with many civilians randomly killed in summary executions even if they took no part in any organised resistance. After the war, the Japanese authorities acknowledged that the massacre took place, but disagreed about the number of deaths that Japan had caused. Japan alleged that no more "than 6,000 deaths" had occurred, while Singapore's first prime minister Lee Kuan Yew, who was himself almost a victim to Sook Ching, stated that verifiable numbers would put it at "about 70,000", including the figures in Malaya. When mass graves were discovered in 1962, Singaporeans heavily lobbied for their government to demand compensation as well as an official apology from the Japanese government. On 25 October 1966, the Japanese government ultimately agreed to reimburse S$50 million in reparations, half of which constituting as a grant and the rest as a loan. However, the wording used for this reimbursement were classified as a "gesture of atonement", with words such as "damages" or "reparations" being avoided by the Japanese. Furthermore, the Japanese government continued to refuse accepting legal responsibility for the massacre, which would include carrying out an official investigation or inquiry of the deaths. No official apology was also made. Remains of Sook Ching victims would subsequently continue to be unearthed by Singaporeans for decades after the massacre. In 1963, the Civilian War Memorial was constructed in memory of the civilians killed during the occupation, including Sook Ching. Remains belonging to some of the victims were also placed in a tomb under the memorial. In 1992, the various Sook Ching massacre sites around the country such as Changi Beach, Katong, Punggol Point, Tanah Merah and Sentosa were designated with historic plaque markers as heritage sites by the Singaporean government's National Heritage Board, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the occupation. (en)
  • シンガポール華僑粛清事件(シンガポールかきょうしゅくせいじけん)とは、1942年2月から3月にかけて、日本軍の占領統治下にあったシンガポールで、日本軍(第25軍)が、中国系住民多数を掃討作戦により殺害した事件。1947年に戦犯裁判(イギリス軍シンガポール裁判)で裁かれた。 (ja)
  • 숙칭 대학살(肅清大虐殺, 중국어 간체자: 肃清大屠杀, 정체자: 肅清大屠殺)은 제2차 세계대전 중인 1942년에 싱가포르를 점령한 일본군이 2월 18일에서 3월 4일 사이에 싱가포르에 거주하던 중국인 화교들을 조직적으로 학살한 사건을 말한다. 숙칭 대학살 사건 이후, 학살은 말레이시아계 중국인 화교들로 확대됐다. 이 학살로 희생된 사람 수에 대해 의견이 분분한데, 일본 정부 측에서는 약 4 ~ 5천 명이 학살에 의해 희생됐다고 추산하고 있으며, 싱가포르에 거주하는 화교 측에서는 약 10여만명이 학살됐다고 추산하고 있다. 전후 학계에서는 약 2만 5천 명에서 5만 명 사이의 중국인 화교들 및 싱가포르인들이 학살된 것으로 보고 있다. '숙칭'(중국어: 肅清)의 의미는 '일본인의 중국인 숙청'을 의미한다. (ko)
  • Sook Ching (Kinesiska: "Rena genom rensning"), var en massaker utförd av den kejserliga japanska armén på den förmodat fientliga etniskt kinesiska befolkningen i Singapore under den japanska ockupationen under andra världskriget. Massakern ägde rum från 18 februari till 4 mars 1942 på en rad olika platser i regionen. Massakern organiserades under samarbete med Kempeitai, som tillkallade kinesiska män mellan 18 och 50 år för bedömning. Alla som föll in under vissa kriterier som gjorde dem misstänkta, kvarhölls och fördes bort och blev senare ett offer för de massakrer som utfördes. De som tilläts gå fick ett intyg på att de passerat inspektion. De misstänkta inkluderade alla som kunde misstänkas för att vara kommunister; alla som kunde misstänkas sympatisera med britterna, så som före detta anställda i den brittiska förvaltningen; kriminella; kineser som immigrerat till Singapore sedan kriget mellan Japan och Kina hade utbrutit; kineser aktiva i hjälpfonder för kinesiska flyktingar; samt förmögna kineser som bidragit till dess hjälpfonder. Tusentals personer föll offer för denna massaker, men det exakta antalet är fortfarande föremål för debatt. (sv)
  • Sook Ching (chiń. upr. 肃清; chiń. trad. 肅清; pinyin Sùqīng, pol. czystka) – masowe aresztowania i egzekucje członków chińskiej diaspory przeprowadzone przez Cesarską Armię Japońską w Singapurze i na innych obszarach Malajów Brytyjskich w lutym i marcu 1942 roku, podczas wojny na Pacyfiku. Celem „czystki” było zastraszenie chińskiej społeczności, którą uważano za potencjalnie główny ośrodek oporu wobec japońskich rządów. Była to również zemsta za antyjapońską działalność diaspory w okresie przedwojennym. Co do zasady Sook Ching była wymierzona przede wszystkim w chińskich działaczy politycznych i społecznych, ochotników walczących po stronie aliantów, a także w przedstawicieli świata przestępczego. W praktyce aresztowania i egzekucje były jednak przeprowadzane przez Japończyków w sposób całkowicie arbitralny. Dokładna liczba ofiar Sook Ching nie jest znana. Prawdopodobnie od 5 tys. do 10 tys. Chińczyków zostało zamordowanych w Singapurze, a kolejnych 20 tys. na obszarze Półwyspu Malajskiego. (pl)
  • Резня «Сук Чинг» (кит. трад. 肅清, упр. 肃清, пиньинь Sùqīng, палл. суцин, буквально: «избавление через очищение») — систематические чистки среди китайцев в Сингапуре по подозрению во враждебной деятельности во время японской оккупации после капитуляции британской колонии 15 февраля 1942 года из-за поражения британцев в битве за Сингапур. Уничтожение населения проводилось с 18 февраля по 4 марта 1942 года в нескольких местах города. Операцию координировала Кэмпэйтай, впоследствии практика была расширена на китайское население Малайского полуострова. Ученые сходятся во мнении, что резня имела место, но японские и сингапурские источники расходятся в оценках количества погибших. По словам историка и политолога Хирофуми Хаяси, «…японское Министерство иностранных дел согласилось, что японские военные проводили массовые убийства в Сингапуре… В ходе переговоров с Сингапуром, японское правительство отклонило требования о репарациях, но согласилось сделать „жест искупления“ путем предоставления средств другими способами». Официально Япония утверждает, что погибло менее 5000 человек, в то время как первый премьер-министр Сингапура Ли Куан Ю говорит об около 70 000 подтверждаемых случаях смерти. В 1966 году Япония согласилась выплатить 50 млн сингапурских долларов в качестве компенсации, половина из которых предоставлялась в виде гранта, а остальное — в виде кредита. Официальных извинений принесено не было. Воспоминания тех, кто пережил этот период, были собраны в выставочной галерее в Старом заводе Форда в Букит-Тимахе, где 15 февраля 1942 года англичане сдались японцам. Японцы называли резню Сук Чинг словами китайские чистки (яп. 華僑粛清 какё:сюкусэй) и «великая инспекция Сингапура (яп. シンガポール大検証 сингапо:ру дайкэйсё:). Современные японские термины для бойни — «инцидент с чистками сингапурских китайцев» (яп. シンガポール華僑粛清事件 сингапо:ру какё: сюкусэйсин дзикэн) и «резня сингапурских китайцев» (яп. シンガポール華僑虐殺事件 сингапо:ру какё: гякусацу дзикэн). Национальный совет по наследию Сингапура в своих публикациях использует термин Sook Ching. (ru)
  • O massacre Sook Ching foi o extermínio de elementos supostamente hostis entre a população étnica chinesa de Singapura pelos militares japoneses durante a ocupação da ilha, depois que as tropas coloniais britânicas se renderam na Batalha de Singapura, em 15 de fevereiro de 1942, na Segunda Guerra Mundial. O Sook Ching foi posteriormente estendido para incluir malaios. O massacre transcorreu entre 18 de fevereiro e 4 de março de 1942, em várias localidades. A expressão Sook Ching vem do chinês e significa "purificação através da limpeza". Na época, os japoneses descreveram o massacre como Kakyōshukusei, ou "limpeza dos chineses" ou, eufemisticamente, como Shingapōru Daikenshō, significando literalmente, "grande inspeção de Singapura". Embora as primeiras alusões à expressão "Sook Ching" tenham aparecido por volta de 1946, ela não foi usada comumente na imprensa chinesa até a década de 1980. Também não está claro quem usou a expressão pela primeira vez, se os chineses ou japoneses, já que ela é escrita com os mesmos ideogramas em ambas as línguas. A expressão japonesa atual para o massacre é Shingapōru Kakyōgyakusatsujiken, ou seja, "(o) massacre dos chineses de Singapura". (pt)
  • 肅清大屠殺(英語:Sook Ching,又稱馬來亞華人大屠殺,或簡稱肅清、大檢證)是第二次世界大戰太平洋戰爭期間日軍對其佔領下的英屬馬來亞與新加坡華人進行的大規模逮捕與處決行動,亦有主張稱其屬於種族滅絕。 日軍認為華人為抗日的主力,而新加坡與馬來半島的華人社區將對其統治構成威脅,因此連同報復太平洋戰爭爆發前當地華人支持重慶國民政府,日軍大量集中兩地的華人,「檢證」其中的親英或反日人士,並將後者送至各地加以處決。 肅清大屠殺確切傷亡人數不詳,其估計值上下限差距巨大,新加坡可能有2,000至60,000人,而馬來半島則可能有數千人至50,000人死於本次事件。 (zh)
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  • Civilian War Memorial, dedicated to the victims of Sook Ching and the wider occupation (en)
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  • the Japanese occupation of Singapore (en)
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  • Empire of Japan; Kempeitai within the Imperial Japanese Army * Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita * Col. Tsuji Masanobu * Hayashi Tadahiko (en)
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  • Identify and eliminate suspected "anti-Japanese elements"; with specific targets for Chinese Singaporeans or others perceived as a threat to the Japanese (en)
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  • Sook Ching (en)
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  • シンガポール華僑粛清事件(シンガポールかきょうしゅくせいじけん)とは、1942年2月から3月にかけて、日本軍の占領統治下にあったシンガポールで、日本軍(第25軍)が、中国系住民多数を掃討作戦により殺害した事件。1947年に戦犯裁判(イギリス軍シンガポール裁判)で裁かれた。 (ja)
  • 숙칭 대학살(肅清大虐殺, 중국어 간체자: 肃清大屠杀, 정체자: 肅清大屠殺)은 제2차 세계대전 중인 1942년에 싱가포르를 점령한 일본군이 2월 18일에서 3월 4일 사이에 싱가포르에 거주하던 중국인 화교들을 조직적으로 학살한 사건을 말한다. 숙칭 대학살 사건 이후, 학살은 말레이시아계 중국인 화교들로 확대됐다. 이 학살로 희생된 사람 수에 대해 의견이 분분한데, 일본 정부 측에서는 약 4 ~ 5천 명이 학살에 의해 희생됐다고 추산하고 있으며, 싱가포르에 거주하는 화교 측에서는 약 10여만명이 학살됐다고 추산하고 있다. 전후 학계에서는 약 2만 5천 명에서 5만 명 사이의 중국인 화교들 및 싱가포르인들이 학살된 것으로 보고 있다. '숙칭'(중국어: 肅清)의 의미는 '일본인의 중국인 숙청'을 의미한다. (ko)
  • 肅清大屠殺(英語:Sook Ching,又稱馬來亞華人大屠殺,或簡稱肅清、大檢證)是第二次世界大戰太平洋戰爭期間日軍對其佔領下的英屬馬來亞與新加坡華人進行的大規模逮捕與處決行動,亦有主張稱其屬於種族滅絕。 日軍認為華人為抗日的主力,而新加坡與馬來半島的華人社區將對其統治構成威脅,因此連同報復太平洋戰爭爆發前當地華人支持重慶國民政府,日軍大量集中兩地的華人,「檢證」其中的親英或反日人士,並將後者送至各地加以處決。 肅清大屠殺確切傷亡人數不詳,其估計值上下限差距巨大,新加坡可能有2,000至60,000人,而馬來半島則可能有數千人至50,000人死於本次事件。 (zh)
  • Pembantaian Sook Ching (Hanzi: 肅清大屠殺) adalah suatu pemusnahan sistematis atas unsur-unsur yang diduga membahayakan di antara di Singapura oleh Angkatan Darat Kekaisaran Jepang selama penjajahan Jepang, setelah pasukan kolonial Britania Raya menyerah pada tanggal 15 Februari 1942. Sook Ching belakangan juga digunakan untuk menyebut pembantaian yang ditujukan kepada orang Tionghoa-Malaya. Pembantaian tersebut terjadi pada tanggal 4 Maret 1942 di berbagai tempat. (in)
  • Sook Ching was a mass killing that occurred from 18 February to 4 March 1942 in Singapore after it fell to the Japanese. It was a systematic purge and massacre of 'anti-Japanese' elements in Singapore, with the Singaporean Chinese particularly targeted by the Japanese military during the occupation. However, Japanese soldiers engaged in indiscriminate killing, and did not try to identify who was 'anti-Japanese.' Singapore was a crucial strategic point in World War II. From 8 February to 15 February, the Japanese had fought for control of the city. The combined British and Commonwealth forces surrendered in a stunning defeat to the outnumbered Japanese on 15 February which led to its fall. The loss of Singapore was and still is Britain's largest surrender in history. (en)
  • Le massacre de Sook Ching ou simplement Sook Ching (en chinois simplifié 肃清, en chinois mandarin 肅清, en pinyin Sùqīng, ce qui signifie « purger par le nettoyage ») est une extermination systématique par l'armée impériale japonaise de personnes perçues comme des éléments hostiles parmi la population chinoise de Singapour durant l'occupation de la colonie britannique lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Singapour s'était rendue le 15 février 1942, l'opération Sook Ching, qui était supervisée par la Kempeitai, se déroula du 18 février au 4 mars 1942 et fut ensuite étendue aux Chinois de la Malaisie britannique, également occupée par les Japonais. (fr)
  • O massacre Sook Ching foi o extermínio de elementos supostamente hostis entre a população étnica chinesa de Singapura pelos militares japoneses durante a ocupação da ilha, depois que as tropas coloniais britânicas se renderam na Batalha de Singapura, em 15 de fevereiro de 1942, na Segunda Guerra Mundial. O Sook Ching foi posteriormente estendido para incluir malaios. O massacre transcorreu entre 18 de fevereiro e 4 de março de 1942, em várias localidades. A expressão japonesa atual para o massacre é Shingapōru Kakyōgyakusatsujiken, ou seja, "(o) massacre dos chineses de Singapura". (pt)
  • Sook Ching (chiń. upr. 肃清; chiń. trad. 肅清; pinyin Sùqīng, pol. czystka) – masowe aresztowania i egzekucje członków chińskiej diaspory przeprowadzone przez Cesarską Armię Japońską w Singapurze i na innych obszarach Malajów Brytyjskich w lutym i marcu 1942 roku, podczas wojny na Pacyfiku. Dokładna liczba ofiar Sook Ching nie jest znana. Prawdopodobnie od 5 tys. do 10 tys. Chińczyków zostało zamordowanych w Singapurze, a kolejnych 20 tys. na obszarze Półwyspu Malajskiego. (pl)
  • Резня «Сук Чинг» (кит. трад. 肅清, упр. 肃清, пиньинь Sùqīng, палл. суцин, буквально: «избавление через очищение») — систематические чистки среди китайцев в Сингапуре по подозрению во враждебной деятельности во время японской оккупации после капитуляции британской колонии 15 февраля 1942 года из-за поражения британцев в битве за Сингапур. Уничтожение населения проводилось с 18 февраля по 4 марта 1942 года в нескольких местах города. Операцию координировала Кэмпэйтай, впоследствии практика была расширена на китайское население Малайского полуострова. (ru)
  • Sook Ching (Kinesiska: "Rena genom rensning"), var en massaker utförd av den kejserliga japanska armén på den förmodat fientliga etniskt kinesiska befolkningen i Singapore under den japanska ockupationen under andra världskriget. Massakern ägde rum från 18 februari till 4 mars 1942 på en rad olika platser i regionen. (sv)
rdfs:label
  • Pembantaian Sook Ching (in)
  • Massacre de Sook Ching (fr)
  • 숙칭 대학살 (ko)
  • シンガポール華僑粛清事件 (ja)
  • Masakra Sook Ching (pl)
  • Sook Ching (en)
  • Massacre Sook Ching (pt)
  • Резня «Сук Чинг» (ru)
  • Sook Ching (sv)
  • 肅清大屠殺 (zh)
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