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Roman military personal equipment was produced in large numbers to established patterns, and used in an established manner. These standard patterns and uses were called the res militaris or disciplina. Its regular practice during the Roman Republic and Roman Empire led to military excellence and victory. The equipment gave the Romans a very distinct advantage over their barbarian enemies, especially so in the case of armour. This does not mean that every Roman soldier had better equipment than the richer men among his opponents. According to Edward Luttwak, Roman equipment was not of a better quality than that used by the majority of Rome's adversaries. Other historians and writers have stated that the Roman army's need for large quantities of "mass produced" equipment after the Marian Ref

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  • Die Waffen und Ausrüstungsgegenstände eines Soldaten in der römischen Armee werden hier nach thematischer Zuordnung aufgelistet. Der Zeitraum umfasst die Republik, die Kaiserzeit sowie die Spätantike. (de)
  • El equipo personal en el ejército romano se caracterizó por haber sido producido en grandes cantidades y en serie, conforme a diseños ya establecidos y para que fuese utilizado de una forma concreta. Estos diseños y usos específicos recibían el nombre de res militaris o disciplina. La práctica regular en el empleo del equipo durante las épocas abarcadas por la República y el Imperio romano llevaron a la excelencia militar y a un gran número de victorias en el campo de batalla. La palabra ejército, por su parte, procede del latín exercitus, que a su vez es un vocablo que hace referencia al ejercicio. Según , el equipo del ejército romano, y especialmente en lo que se refiere a la armadura, supuso «una ventaja significativa sobre sus enemigos bárbaros».​ Según Luttwak, por otro lado, un autor que se dedicó al estudio de la estrategia militar romana en mayor profundidad que las tácticas, el equipamiento romano no era de mejor calidad que el utilizado por la mayoría de sus adversarios.​ Los romanos son conocidos por haber tomado prestadas las ideas sobre armas de sus enemigos. Inicialmente utilizaban armas de estilo griego o etrusco y, al enfrentarse a los celtas, adoptaron su equipamiento. Para derrotar a los cartagineses,​ por otra parte, construyeron una flota completa basada en el modelo cartaginés. Una vez adoptada un arma se estandarizaba. Las armas estándar fueron variando a lo largo de la historia de Roma, aunque su equipamiento y su uso nunca fue individual. (es)
  • Roman military personal equipment was produced in large numbers to established patterns, and used in an established manner. These standard patterns and uses were called the res militaris or disciplina. Its regular practice during the Roman Republic and Roman Empire led to military excellence and victory. The equipment gave the Romans a very distinct advantage over their barbarian enemies, especially so in the case of armour. This does not mean that every Roman soldier had better equipment than the richer men among his opponents. According to Edward Luttwak, Roman equipment was not of a better quality than that used by the majority of Rome's adversaries. Other historians and writers have stated that the Roman army's need for large quantities of "mass produced" equipment after the Marian Reforms and subsequent civil wars led to a decline in the quality of Roman equipment compared to the earlier Republican era: The production of these kinds of helmets of Italic tradition decreased in quality because of the demands of equipping huge armies, especially during civil wars...The bad quality of these helmets is recorded by the sources describing how sometimes they were covered by wicker protections (viminea tegimenta), like those of Pompeius' soldiers during the siege of Dyrrachium in 48 BC, which were seriously damaged by the missiles of Caesar's slingers and archers. It would appear that armour quality suffered at times when mass production methods were being used to meet the increased demand (from the Civil and Social Wars, and following the Marian and Augustan reforms)..." and "...the reduced size curiasses would also have been quicker and cheaper to produce, which may have been a deciding factor at times of financial crisis, or where large bodies of men were required to be mobilized at short notice, possibly reflected in the poor-quality, mass produced iron helmets of Imperial Italic type C, as found, for example, in the River Po at Cremona, associated with the Civil Wars of AD 69 AD; Russel-Robinson, 1975, 67 Up until then, the quality of helmets had been fairly consistent and the bowls well decorated and finished. However, after the Marian Reforms, with their resultant influx of the poorest citizens into the army, there must inevitably have been a massive demand for cheaper equipment, a situation which can only have been exacerbated by the Civil Wars... Initially, they used weapons based on Greek and Etruscan models. On encountering the Celts, they based new varieties on Celtic equipment. To defeat the Carthaginians, they constructed an entire fleet de novo based on the Carthaginian model. Once a weapon was adopted, it became standard. The standard weapons varied somewhat during Rome's long history, but the equipment and its use were never individual. (en)
  • Per armi ed armature romane si intende l'insieme delle armi "da offesa" e "da difesa" utilizzate sia dal singolo individuo sia in modo collettivo da un gruppo di armati nella storia di Roma dalle forze di soldati che servirono nelle legioni dall'epoca monarchica e repubblicana a quella imperiale e tardo imperiale. Roma riuscì a imporre il suo dominio su un vastissimo territorio grazie a un esercito estremamente organizzato, discliplinato, ben addestrato ed equipaggiato. Le armi romane furono, quindi, di fondamentale importanza per ottenere i rilevanti successi contro tutti i nemici che essa incontrò durante la sua storia più che millenaria. La supremazia tecnologica di Roma fu uno dei vantaggi decisivi della superiorità romana. L'arma da offesa meglio conosciuta fu sicuramente il gladio, che per alcuni secoli, unito alla sapienza tattica romana, rese temibile il legionario nel mondo conosciuto. Tra le armi d'assedio collettive, vale la pena invece ricordare, tra le principali, lo scorpione, l'ariete, la catapulta e la torre mobile; in quest'ultima vi erano diverse baliste, armi create per scagliare frecce ad alta velocità. I legionari erano armati, oltre che col gladio, di lance e giavellotti (lancae, hastae, veruta, spicula, pila), mutate nel corso dei secoli. Gli scudi e le armature, usate in età repubblicana, furono modernizzati in età imperiale: dalle cotte di maglia si passò poi a armature composte di piastre di cuoio e ferro sovrapposte. La loro resistenza era maggiore di quella delle cotte di maglia ed erano più leggere rispetto ad esse del 30%. Lo scudo ovaliforme, rinforzato nella parte centrale da una nervatura metallica o con al centro l'umbone, diventò rettangolare, reso resistente con bordi in ferro contro i colpi delle lame del nemico. Nelle epoche successive, durante l'anarchia militare e poi il periodo del dominato, perso il binomio gladium-pilum, i soldati dell'esercito romano passarono all’uso di lance e armi da tiro, forse in conseguenza di mutamenti tattici che non richiedevano più approcci come era stato ai tempi delle grandi conquiste. L'armamento tipico del miles divenne la lancia e lo scudo, mentre la spatha, dopo la carica con l'hasta, era impiegata per la fase finale del combattimento. (it)
  • 古代ローマ軍の個人装備品一覧(Roman military personal equipment)は、古代ローマの軍勢が使用した個人装備(攻城兵器などの集団で使用する物は含まない)を分類した一覧である。時代(王政、共和政、帝政)や兵種によっての違い、装備品の使用目的などを分類する上の指標としている。 ローマ軍が使用した装備は同時代の中でも優れた物が多く、特に甲冑に関する技術は文明水準の低い蛮族相手に大きな優位を獲得する要因となった。ただし、これは全ての場合でそうであった事を意味しない。時にローマが対峙した敵の中には同等以上の装備を使用する場合もあったし、また研究者の中には「ローマ軍の装備品の品質は必ずしも高くなかった」とする論者もいる。 王政ローマ時代から共和政初期までの装備は、先にイタリア半島での覇権を獲得していた古代ギリシャやエトルリアの様式を参考にして導入されていた。イタリア半島統一後に相対したケルト人との戦いで新しい戦術の必要性を感じると、古代ギリシャ・エトルリア式にケルト式の装備を組み込んだ装備品が共和政中期に用いられた。また海軍はポエニ戦争までは小規模な海賊討伐用の艦艇を保有するのみであったが、同戦争からフェニキア式・ヘレニズム式の大型艦艇を導入した。 ローマ軍は独自の新兵器よりも、既に効果が実証されている旧来の装備を活用して戦う事を好んだ。従ってローマ軍の使用する兵器は基本的にオーソドックスなものであり、(軍装や装備品の形状に独特さはあっても)奇抜な装備は用いていない。 (ja)
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  • Die Waffen und Ausrüstungsgegenstände eines Soldaten in der römischen Armee werden hier nach thematischer Zuordnung aufgelistet. Der Zeitraum umfasst die Republik, die Kaiserzeit sowie die Spätantike. (de)
  • El equipo personal en el ejército romano se caracterizó por haber sido producido en grandes cantidades y en serie, conforme a diseños ya establecidos y para que fuese utilizado de una forma concreta. Estos diseños y usos específicos recibían el nombre de res militaris o disciplina. La práctica regular en el empleo del equipo durante las épocas abarcadas por la República y el Imperio romano llevaron a la excelencia militar y a un gran número de victorias en el campo de batalla. La palabra ejército, por su parte, procede del latín exercitus, que a su vez es un vocablo que hace referencia al ejercicio. (es)
  • Roman military personal equipment was produced in large numbers to established patterns, and used in an established manner. These standard patterns and uses were called the res militaris or disciplina. Its regular practice during the Roman Republic and Roman Empire led to military excellence and victory. The equipment gave the Romans a very distinct advantage over their barbarian enemies, especially so in the case of armour. This does not mean that every Roman soldier had better equipment than the richer men among his opponents. According to Edward Luttwak, Roman equipment was not of a better quality than that used by the majority of Rome's adversaries. Other historians and writers have stated that the Roman army's need for large quantities of "mass produced" equipment after the Marian Ref (en)
  • Per armi ed armature romane si intende l'insieme delle armi "da offesa" e "da difesa" utilizzate sia dal singolo individuo sia in modo collettivo da un gruppo di armati nella storia di Roma dalle forze di soldati che servirono nelle legioni dall'epoca monarchica e repubblicana a quella imperiale e tardo imperiale. Roma riuscì a imporre il suo dominio su un vastissimo territorio grazie a un esercito estremamente organizzato, discliplinato, ben addestrato ed equipaggiato. Le armi romane furono, quindi, di fondamentale importanza per ottenere i rilevanti successi contro tutti i nemici che essa incontrò durante la sua storia più che millenaria. La supremazia tecnologica di Roma fu uno dei vantaggi decisivi della superiorità romana. (it)
  • 古代ローマ軍の個人装備品一覧(Roman military personal equipment)は、古代ローマの軍勢が使用した個人装備(攻城兵器などの集団で使用する物は含まない)を分類した一覧である。時代(王政、共和政、帝政)や兵種によっての違い、装備品の使用目的などを分類する上の指標としている。 ローマ軍が使用した装備は同時代の中でも優れた物が多く、特に甲冑に関する技術は文明水準の低い蛮族相手に大きな優位を獲得する要因となった。ただし、これは全ての場合でそうであった事を意味しない。時にローマが対峙した敵の中には同等以上の装備を使用する場合もあったし、また研究者の中には「ローマ軍の装備品の品質は必ずしも高くなかった」とする論者もいる。 王政ローマ時代から共和政初期までの装備は、先にイタリア半島での覇権を獲得していた古代ギリシャやエトルリアの様式を参考にして導入されていた。イタリア半島統一後に相対したケルト人との戦いで新しい戦術の必要性を感じると、古代ギリシャ・エトルリア式にケルト式の装備を組み込んだ装備品が共和政中期に用いられた。また海軍はポエニ戦争までは小規模な海賊討伐用の艦艇を保有するのみであったが、同戦争からフェニキア式・ヘレニズム式の大型艦艇を導入した。 (ja)
rdfs:label
  • Römische Militärausrüstung (de)
  • Equipo personal en el ejército romano (es)
  • Armi e armature romane (it)
  • ローマ軍の装備一覧 (ja)
  • Roman military personal equipment (en)
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