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Subject Item
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美國法院 Organisation juridictionnelle aux États-Unis List of courts of the United States
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The courts of the United States are closely linked hierarchical systems of courts at the federal and state levels. The federal courts form the judicial branch of the US government and operate under the authority of the United States Constitution and federal law. The state and territorial courts of the individual U.S. states and territories operate under the authority of the state and territorial constitutions and state and territorial law. Institutions which may be considered courts of the United States are listed below. 美國法院（courts of the United States）由美國聯邦法院與各州或領地的州法院兩系統所組成。美國聯邦法院構成美國聯邦政府的司法部門，並依偱美國憲法與聯邦法律運作。美國各州與領地擁有個別的州／領地法院，並依偱各自的州／領地憲法與州／領地法律運作。 在聯邦法律中的「美國法院」（Courts of the United States）一詞專指美國聯邦政府的聯邦法院，而並不包括各州法院，這是因為美國的聯邦制明確的將聯邦與各州政府的運作分隔，因此各州可以自由的選擇各式各樣的法院系統，而不需要與聯邦法院或其他州有著相同的系統。聯邦法院除了專門法院外可分為三級。所有的州法院都至少分為了兩級，而幾乎所有州與聯邦法院都有著「－上訴－」的三級系統。少數的州有兩個終審法院分別管理民事與刑事案件。 全美國98%的案件都是由各州的各級法院所審理。大部分的州將小型違規案件，例如交通違規，歸屬於擁有特別司法管轄權的法院；並將較嚴重的案件歸屬於擁有原屬司法管轄權的法院。美國聯邦法院審理兩個或以上的州之間的糾紛、違犯聯邦法律、國際條約、美國憲法、海洋商業法、破產法等有關案件。全美國內80%的案件為民事而20%為刑事案件。民事案件通常包括民權、專利權、以及社會安全保險，而刑事案件則包括逃漏稅務責任、搶劫、偽造文書、以及毒品案件。 以下為美國境內的法院列表。 Aux États-Unis, il existe une organisation juridictionnelle propre à chaque État ainsi qu'une juridiction fédérale gérée par le gouvernement fédéral. De manière générale, toutes les organisations juridictionnelles suivent un schéma de cours de première instance dont les décisions sont susceptibles d'appels par des cours d'appels, elles-mêmes susceptibles de recours devant une cour suprême.
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The courts of the United States are closely linked hierarchical systems of courts at the federal and state levels. The federal courts form the judicial branch of the US government and operate under the authority of the United States Constitution and federal law. The state and territorial courts of the individual U.S. states and territories operate under the authority of the state and territorial constitutions and state and territorial law. Federal statutes that refer to the "courts of the United States" are referring only to the courts of the federal government, and not the courts of the individual states and counties. Because of the federalist underpinnings of the division between sovereign federal and state governments, the various state court systems are free to operate in ways that vary widely from those of the federal government, and from one another. In practice, however, every state has adopted a division of its judiciary into at least two levels, and almost every state has three levels, with trial courts hearing cases which may be reviewed by appellate courts, and finally by a state supreme court. A few states have two separate supreme courts, with one having authority over civil matters and the other reviewing criminal cases. 47 states and the federal government allow at least one appeal of right from a final judgment on the merits, meaning that the court receiving the appeal must decide the appeal after it is briefed and argued properly. Three states do not provide a right to a first appeal. Rather, they give litigants only a right to petition for the right to have an appeal heard. State courts often have diverse names and structures, as illustrated below. State courts hear about 98% of litigation; most states have courts of special jurisdiction, which typically handle minor disputes such as traffic citations, and courts of general jurisdiction responsible for more serious disputes. The U.S. federal court system hears cases involving litigants from two or more states, violations of federal laws, treaties, and the Constitution, admiralty, bankruptcy, and related issues. In practice, about 80% of the cases are civil and 20% criminal. The civil cases often involve civil rights, patents, and Social Security while the criminal cases involve tax fraud, robbery, counterfeiting, and drug crimes. The trial courts are U.S. district courts, followed by United States courts of appeals and then the Supreme Court of the United States. The judicial system, whether state or federal, begins with a court of first instance, whose work may be reviewed by an appellate court, and then ends at the court of last resort, which may review the work of the lower courts. Institutions which may be considered courts of the United States are listed below. 美國法院（courts of the United States）由美國聯邦法院與各州或領地的州法院兩系統所組成。美國聯邦法院構成美國聯邦政府的司法部門，並依偱美國憲法與聯邦法律運作。美國各州與領地擁有個別的州／領地法院，並依偱各自的州／領地憲法與州／領地法律運作。 在聯邦法律中的「美國法院」（Courts of the United States）一詞專指美國聯邦政府的聯邦法院，而並不包括各州法院，這是因為美國的聯邦制明確的將聯邦與各州政府的運作分隔，因此各州可以自由的選擇各式各樣的法院系統，而不需要與聯邦法院或其他州有著相同的系統。聯邦法院除了專門法院外可分為三級。所有的州法院都至少分為了兩級，而幾乎所有州與聯邦法院都有著「－上訴－」的三級系統。少數的州有兩個終審法院分別管理民事與刑事案件。 全美國98%的案件都是由各州的各級法院所審理。大部分的州將小型違規案件，例如交通違規，歸屬於擁有特別司法管轄權的法院；並將較嚴重的案件歸屬於擁有原屬司法管轄權的法院。美國聯邦法院審理兩個或以上的州之間的糾紛、違犯聯邦法律、國際條約、美國憲法、海洋商業法、破產法等有關案件。全美國內80%的案件為民事而20%為刑事案件。民事案件通常包括民權、專利權、以及社會安全保險，而刑事案件則包括逃漏稅務責任、搶劫、偽造文書、以及毒品案件。 美國法院常使用「巡迴」一詞。該詞為英語「circuit」的直接翻譯，其意義為地區之意。由於美國幅員廣大，各州人口分佈不一，因此不能在每州設聯邦法院，只能在重要地點設法院置法官。為了服務距離法院遙遠地區民眾的司法需求，法官必須離開法院所在地並「巡迴」其司法管轄地區。此詞因此使用至今，而今日的美國法官有時仍須要離開原法院到其司法管轄範圍內的其他法院巡迴審理案件。 以下為美國境內的法院列表。 Aux États-Unis, il existe une organisation juridictionnelle propre à chaque État ainsi qu'une juridiction fédérale gérée par le gouvernement fédéral. De manière générale, toutes les organisations juridictionnelles suivent un schéma de cours de première instance dont les décisions sont susceptibles d'appels par des cours d'appels, elles-mêmes susceptibles de recours devant une cour suprême.
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