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- The concept of treason can be dated back to the early Roman republic, but was defined by nebulous criteria. Frederic William Maitland, author of The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I, said "treason is a crime [with] a vague circumference and more than one center." Early French and Anglo-Saxon laws for the prosecution of persons deemed traitorous were inspired by, and in some cases, directly pulled from late Roman and Germanic conceptions of the crime. It would be the common laws of this time period which would most directly influence those customary of King Arthur's court — assuming its existence is founded in more than the legends and fables of medieval romances. The origins of the word 'treason' date to the 13th century. Prior to the Treason Act of 1351, there were few laws which comprehensively outlined the legal qualifications for treason, or the appropriate punishments. The process of conviction, trial, and sentencing traitors such as Lancelot or Mordred in Arthurian Literature was greatly informed by the gruesome practices of both French and English courts, depending on the geopolitical origin of the text's author. (en)
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- Bearing arms against the state; sedition, armed or otherwise; communicating with the enemy to the detriment of the state; giving material or financial aid to the enemy; desertion or defection; refusing to fight in a war; surrendering fortified places; leading an army into an enemy ambush; raising troops or waging war without the authority of the prince; usurping magisterial authority;refusing to leave a province or hand over an army on the appointment of a successor;alienating friendly nations; obstructing the submission of an enemy or a foreign king; killing a magistrate or other person holding imperium; executing hostages without the authority of the prince; helping a convicted criminal to escape from prison; and defacing the consecrated statues of the prince. (en)
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- S.H. Cuttler, The Law of Treason and Treason Trials in Later Medieval France (en)
- Some Remarks on Cases of Treason in the Roman Commonwealth (en)
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- manifestly contradictory of all experience to infer...that in the primitive days treason was confined to military offenses....There is no period traceable when military crimes alone were classed as treason. (en)
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- The concept of treason can be dated back to the early Roman republic, but was defined by nebulous criteria. Frederic William Maitland, author of The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I, said "treason is a crime [with] a vague circumference and more than one center." Early French and Anglo-Saxon laws for the prosecution of persons deemed traitorous were inspired by, and in some cases, directly pulled from late Roman and Germanic conceptions of the crime. It would be the common laws of this time period which would most directly influence those customary of King Arthur's court — assuming its existence is founded in more than the legends and fables of medieval romances. (en)
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- Treason in Arthurian legend (en)
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