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- Le surplus killing (littéralement en français : « abattage en surplus »), également connu sous le nom d'abattage excessifet du syndrome du poulailler, est un comportement courant des prédateurs où ils tuent plus de proies qu'ils ne peuvent immédiatement en manger pour ensuite mettre en réserve les restes ou les abandonner. Le terme a été inventé par le biologiste néerlandais Hans Kruuk après avoir étudié les hyènes tachetées en Afrique et le renard roux en Angleterre En plus des humains, on a observé l'abattage en surplus chez le zooplancton, la nymphe damoiselle, les acariens prédateurs, les martes, les belettes, le ratel, le loup, l'orque, le renard roux, le léopard, le lion, la hyène tachetée, les araignées, les ours bruns, noirs et polaires, le coyote, le lynx, le vison, le raton laveur, le chien et le chat domestique. (fr)
- Surplus killing, also known as excessive killing, killing for sport, henhouse syndrome, or overkill, is a common behavior exhibited by predators, in which they kill more prey than they can immediately eat and then they either cache or abandon the remainder. The term was invented by Dutch biologist Hans Kruuk after studying spotted hyenas in Africa and red foxes in England. Some of the other animals which have been observed engaging in surplus killing include orcas, zooplankton, humans, damselfly naiads, predaceous mites, martens, weasels, honey badgers, jaguar, leopards, lions, wolves, spiders, brown bears, American black bears, polar bears, coyotes, lynxes, minks, raccoons and dogs. In Tasmania, in a single dog attack, 58 little penguins were killed. In mainland Australia, a single fox once killed around 74 penguins over several days, eating almost nothing. One leopard in Cape Province, South Africa killed 51 sheep and lambs in a single incident. Similarly, two caracal in Cape Province killed 22 sheep in one night, eating only part of the buttock of one carcass. Up to 19 spotted hyenas once killed 82 Thomson's gazelle and badly injured 27, eating just 16%. In late autumn, least weasels often surplus-kill vole and then dig them up and eat them on winter days when it is too cold to hunt. In March 2016, a pack of 9 grey wolves in Wyoming was found to have killed 19 elk. John Lund, of the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, said that he had never documented surplus killings that extreme from grey wolves. In Florida, laboratory experiments documented cases of surplus killing in larvae of the predatory midge Corethrella appendiculata against specific larval stages of different species of mosquitoes of the genus Toxorhynchites. In surplus killing, predators eat only the most-preferred animals and animal parts. Bears engaging in surplus killing of salmon are more likely to eat unspawned fish because of higher muscle quality, and high-energy parts such as brains and eggs. Surplus killing can deplete the overall food supply, waste predator energy and risk them being injured. Nonetheless, researchers say animals surplus-kill whenever they can, in order to procure food for offspring and others, to gain valuable killing experience, and to create the opportunity to eat the carcass later when they are hungry again. (en)
- 余剰殺傷（よじょうさっしょう、英語: Surplus killing）または余剰殺戮 、鶏舎症候群は、捕食者が自身がただちに消費・貯蓄できる数量よりも多くの獲物を殺傷するという、肉食動物において一般的にみられる行動である。 (ja)
- 과잉 살해(영어: Surplus killing)는 포식자들이 즉시 이용할 수 있는 것보다 더욱 많은 먹이를 죽이는 행동을 의미한다. 그들은 부분적으로 먹이를 저장하거나 포기할 수 있다. 이 동작들은 동물성 플랑크톤, 실잠자리아목의 유충, 응애, 족제비속, 라텔, 늑대, 범고래, 붉은여우, 점박이하이에나, 거미, 큰곰, 스라소니속, 밍크, 개, 고양이, 인간에게서 발견되었다. 이 용어는 아프리카의 하이애나와 영국의 붉은여우를 관찰한 네덜란드의 생물학자 한스 크루크(Hans Kruuk)가 창시하였다. 이것은 아마도 (antipredator adaptation)으로 더욱 성공적인 사냥을 하는 것보다 먹이에 대한 공격성을 높이는 쪽으로 진화한 결과로 보인다. (ko)
- La predazione in eccesso (PE) è un comportamento predatorio che si manifesta quando i predatori uccidono un numero maggiore di prede rispetto al soddisfacimento delle necessità alimentari del momento.Tale comportamento è stato osservato in diverse specie di animali predatori quali volpi, lupi, coyote, cani, gatti domestici, iene, leoni, linci, leopardi, leoni di montagna, giaguari, mustelidi, procioni, tassi del miele, corvi, orsi bruni, orsi neri, orsi polari, orche, ragni, stadi larvali di libellule e ditteri, acari predatori, alcune specie dello zooplancton e nell'uomo. (it)
- Surplus killing – zjawisko nadmiarowego zabijania ofiar przez drapieżniki, nazywane czasem po polsku nadzabijaniem, zaobserwowane w warunkach laboratoryjnych i w naturze zachowanie drapieżników objawiające się zabiciem – w pewnych okolicznościach – większej liczby ofiar, niż drapieżnik potrzebuje do przeżycia. Ofiary są częściowo zjadane, częściowo ukrywane jako zapas, a ich nadmiar jest porzucany. Zjawisko surplus killing zaobserwowano u zooplanktonu, ważek, niektórych roztoczy, łasicowatych, wilków, orek, lisów rudych, hien cętkowanych, pająków, niedźwiedzi brunatnych, rysi (Lynx) i ludzi. W warunkach naturalnych takie zachowanie drapieżników jest obserwowane bardzo rzadko. W większości przypadków zjawisko miało miejsce przy ograniczonych możliwościach ucieczki ofiar, np. zwierzęta hodowlane zamknięte w zagrodach, ofiary są osłabione i ryzyko związane z polowaniem jest mniejsze. Nadmiarowe zabijanie ofiar jest przedmiotem badania etologii. Dotychczas nie zostały poznane przyczyny takich zachowań drapieżników. Wysuwane są różne teorie związane z instynktami, zwłaszcza z instynktem łowieckim i macierzyńskim. Zoopsychologia doszukuje się w takich przypadkach zależności pomiędzy zachowaniem apetencyjnym wywołanym głodem drapieżnika a wyzwalającym u drapieżnika zachowanie instynktowe. (pl)
- Surplus killing é um termo em inglês que designa o comportamento exibido por muitos predadores de matar mais presas daquelas que ele pode imediatamente comer, abandonando o cadáver. Por exemplo, no Canadá foi observado 34 recém-nascidos de renas que foram mortos e mutilados por lobos, alguns comidos pela metade, outros completamente intactos. Na Austrália, durante dias uma única raposa matou 11 wallabies e 74 pinguins, não comendo quase nenhum. Cerca de 19 hienas mataram 92 gazelas e feriram gravemente 27, comendo apenas 16%. Tal comportamento pode depletar a oferta de comida total, desperdiçar energia e propicia risco maior do predador ser ferido. No entanto, estudos revelam que carnívoros podem mata o maior número de animais possível a fim de disponibilizar comida para a prole, ganhar experiência de caça e poder se alimentar da carcaça em outros momentos em que pode não haver caça por perto. (pt)
- 過捕是一種當掠食者獵殺的獵物比牠們能立即使用的還多時展現的行為。牠們可能消耗一部分，儲存或放棄獵物，這種行為已在浮游生物、豆娘若蟲、補食蟎、鼬、蜜獾、狼、虎鯨、赤狐、斑鬣狗、蜘蛛、棕熊、猞猁、貂和家貓中觀察到。這個詞是由荷蘭生物學家Hans Kruuk在研究非洲的斑鬣狗和英國的赤狐後發明的。 (zh)
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- 余剰殺傷（よじょうさっしょう、英語: Surplus killing）または余剰殺戮 、鶏舎症候群は、捕食者が自身がただちに消費・貯蓄できる数量よりも多くの獲物を殺傷するという、肉食動物において一般的にみられる行動である。 (ja)
- 과잉 살해(영어: Surplus killing)는 포식자들이 즉시 이용할 수 있는 것보다 더욱 많은 먹이를 죽이는 행동을 의미한다. 그들은 부분적으로 먹이를 저장하거나 포기할 수 있다. 이 동작들은 동물성 플랑크톤, 실잠자리아목의 유충, 응애, 족제비속, 라텔, 늑대, 범고래, 붉은여우, 점박이하이에나, 거미, 큰곰, 스라소니속, 밍크, 개, 고양이, 인간에게서 발견되었다. 이 용어는 아프리카의 하이애나와 영국의 붉은여우를 관찰한 네덜란드의 생물학자 한스 크루크(Hans Kruuk)가 창시하였다. 이것은 아마도 (antipredator adaptation)으로 더욱 성공적인 사냥을 하는 것보다 먹이에 대한 공격성을 높이는 쪽으로 진화한 결과로 보인다. (ko)
- La predazione in eccesso (PE) è un comportamento predatorio che si manifesta quando i predatori uccidono un numero maggiore di prede rispetto al soddisfacimento delle necessità alimentari del momento.Tale comportamento è stato osservato in diverse specie di animali predatori quali volpi, lupi, coyote, cani, gatti domestici, iene, leoni, linci, leopardi, leoni di montagna, giaguari, mustelidi, procioni, tassi del miele, corvi, orsi bruni, orsi neri, orsi polari, orche, ragni, stadi larvali di libellule e ditteri, acari predatori, alcune specie dello zooplancton e nell'uomo. (it)
- 過捕是一種當掠食者獵殺的獵物比牠們能立即使用的還多時展現的行為。牠們可能消耗一部分，儲存或放棄獵物，這種行為已在浮游生物、豆娘若蟲、補食蟎、鼬、蜜獾、狼、虎鯨、赤狐、斑鬣狗、蜘蛛、棕熊、猞猁、貂和家貓中觀察到。這個詞是由荷蘭生物學家Hans Kruuk在研究非洲的斑鬣狗和英國的赤狐後發明的。 (zh)
- Surplus killing, also known as excessive killing, killing for sport, henhouse syndrome, or overkill, is a common behavior exhibited by predators, in which they kill more prey than they can immediately eat and then they either cache or abandon the remainder. The term was invented by Dutch biologist Hans Kruuk after studying spotted hyenas in Africa and red foxes in England. Some of the other animals which have been observed engaging in surplus killing include orcas, zooplankton, humans, damselfly naiads, predaceous mites, martens, weasels, honey badgers, jaguar, leopards, lions, wolves, spiders, brown bears, American black bears, polar bears, coyotes, lynxes, minks, raccoons and dogs. (en)
- Le surplus killing (littéralement en français : « abattage en surplus »), également connu sous le nom d'abattage excessifet du syndrome du poulailler, est un comportement courant des prédateurs où ils tuent plus de proies qu'ils ne peuvent immédiatement en manger pour ensuite mettre en réserve les restes ou les abandonner. Le terme a été inventé par le biologiste néerlandais Hans Kruuk après avoir étudié les hyènes tachetées en Afrique et le renard roux en Angleterre (fr)
- Surplus killing é um termo em inglês que designa o comportamento exibido por muitos predadores de matar mais presas daquelas que ele pode imediatamente comer, abandonando o cadáver. Por exemplo, no Canadá foi observado 34 recém-nascidos de renas que foram mortos e mutilados por lobos, alguns comidos pela metade, outros completamente intactos. Na Austrália, durante dias uma única raposa matou 11 wallabies e 74 pinguins, não comendo quase nenhum. Cerca de 19 hienas mataram 92 gazelas e feriram gravemente 27, comendo apenas 16%. (pt)
- Surplus killing – zjawisko nadmiarowego zabijania ofiar przez drapieżniki, nazywane czasem po polsku nadzabijaniem, zaobserwowane w warunkach laboratoryjnych i w naturze zachowanie drapieżników objawiające się zabiciem – w pewnych okolicznościach – większej liczby ofiar, niż drapieżnik potrzebuje do przeżycia. Ofiary są częściowo zjadane, częściowo ukrywane jako zapas, a ich nadmiar jest porzucany. Zjawisko surplus killing zaobserwowano u zooplanktonu, ważek, niektórych roztoczy, łasicowatych, wilków, orek, lisów rudych, hien cętkowanych, pająków, niedźwiedzi brunatnych, rysi (Lynx) i ludzi. (pl)
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