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- In historical linguistics, sister languages are cognate languages; that is, languages that descend from a common ancestral language, their so-called proto-language. Every language in a language family that descends from the same language as the others is a sister to them. A commonly given example is the Romance languages, each of which is a continuation of Vulgar Latin. Italian and French (both Romance languages) have about 89% lexical overlap, meaning 89 percent of words share the same characteristics and root origins. Similarly, Spanish and Portuguese also have about 89% lexical overlap. Spanish and Romanian overlap less, about 67%, because while Spanish and Portuguese have undergone Arabic influence, Romanian has undergone many different influences over the years, particularly from the Slavic languages and Greek. Along with a large amount of shared vocabulary, the Romance languages share numerous features of morphology and syntax because they are all continuations of their common ancestor, Latin. The Modern Scots language is considered to be a sister language of English, as they are both descended from the common ancestor Old English (via Early Middle English). The phonological development of the two languages is divergent, with different loanwords entering each language from sources such as Norse, Latin, and French. Political and cultural events have largely dictated the decline of broad Scots as a standard variety in the modern period, and Scots is currently confined to largely spoken use and unofficial functions. (en)
- Wanneer in de historische taalkunde van zustertalen wordt gesproken, wordt hiermee bedoeld dat een bepaalde taal zich volgens de stamboomtheorie uit dezelfde eerder gesproken taal heeft ontwikkeld als een andere taal. De betreffende talen worden dan zustertalen genoemd. Zustertalen vertonen over het algemeen een grote onderlinge overeenkomst wat betreft de woordenschat en grammatica. Ze vormen altijd een subgroep binnen een grotere familie van verwante talen. Het Nederlands en Duits zijn voorbeelden van zustertalen. Maar ook het Fries en Engels zijn zustertalen van elkaar.Ook alle Romaanse talen zijn zustertalen van elkaar. (nl)
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