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Global or eustatic sea level has fluctuated significantly over Earth's history. The main factors affecting sea level are the amount and volume of available water and the shape and volume of the ocean basins. The primary influences on water volume are the temperature of the seawater, which affects density, and the amounts of water retained in other reservoirs like rivers, aquifers, lakes, glaciers, polar ice caps and sea ice. Over geological timescales, changes in the shape of the oceanic basins and in land/sea distribution affect sea level. In addition to eustatic changes, local changes in sea level are caused by tectonic uplift and subsidence.

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  • Global or eustatic sea level has fluctuated significantly over Earth's history. The main factors affecting sea level are the amount and volume of available water and the shape and volume of the ocean basins. The primary influences on water volume are the temperature of the seawater, which affects density, and the amounts of water retained in other reservoirs like rivers, aquifers, lakes, glaciers, polar ice caps and sea ice. Over geological timescales, changes in the shape of the oceanic basins and in land/sea distribution affect sea level. In addition to eustatic changes, local changes in sea level are caused by tectonic uplift and subsidence. Over geologic time sea level has fluctuated by more than 300 metres, possibly more than 400 metres. The main reasons for sea level fluctuations in the last 15 million years are the Antarctic ice sheet and Antarctic post-glacial rebound during warm periods. The current sea level is about 130 metres higher than the historical minimum. Historically low levels were reached during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), about 20,000 years ago. The last time the sea level was higher than today was during the Eemian, about 130,000 years ago. Over a shorter timescale, the low level reached during the LGM rebounded in the early Holocene, between about 14,000 and 6,000 years ago, and sea levels have been comparatively stable over the past 6,000 years. For example, about 10,200 years ago the last land bridge between mainland Europe and Great Britain was submerged, leaving behind salt marsh. By 8000 years ago the marshes were drowned by the sea, leaving no trace of former dry land connection. Observational and modeling studies of mass loss from glaciers and ice caps indicate a contribution to a sea-level rise of 2 to 4 cm over the 20th century. (en)
  • 海水準変動(かいすいじゅんへんどう)という言葉は、主に地質時代の世界的な海水準(陸地に対する海面の相対的な高さ)の変化に対して用いられる。海水準が上昇することは海進(かいしん)、下降することは海退(かいたい)と呼ばれる。 現在および未来の海水準変化の予測の際に、過去の海水準の変化を明らかにすることの重要性が認識されるようになった。古気候の研究者は現在を氷河時代とみなし、地質時代の中でも海水準は比較的低く、海水準の上昇と低下が頻繁に起こる時代と認識している。過去の記録から、およそ1万8千年前の最終氷期最盛期から6千年前までの間にかけて、海水準が120m以上上昇したことがわかっている。3千年前以降19世紀までの海水準の変動率はほぼ一定で0.1-0.2 mm/年程度であったが、1900年以降は1-3 mm/年と上昇している[1](右図)。 (ja)
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  • 海水準変動(かいすいじゅんへんどう)という言葉は、主に地質時代の世界的な海水準(陸地に対する海面の相対的な高さ)の変化に対して用いられる。海水準が上昇することは海進(かいしん)、下降することは海退(かいたい)と呼ばれる。 現在および未来の海水準変化の予測の際に、過去の海水準の変化を明らかにすることの重要性が認識されるようになった。古気候の研究者は現在を氷河時代とみなし、地質時代の中でも海水準は比較的低く、海水準の上昇と低下が頻繁に起こる時代と認識している。過去の記録から、およそ1万8千年前の最終氷期最盛期から6千年前までの間にかけて、海水準が120m以上上昇したことがわかっている。3千年前以降19世紀までの海水準の変動率はほぼ一定で0.1-0.2 mm/年程度であったが、1900年以降は1-3 mm/年と上昇している[1](右図)。 (ja)
  • Global or eustatic sea level has fluctuated significantly over Earth's history. The main factors affecting sea level are the amount and volume of available water and the shape and volume of the ocean basins. The primary influences on water volume are the temperature of the seawater, which affects density, and the amounts of water retained in other reservoirs like rivers, aquifers, lakes, glaciers, polar ice caps and sea ice. Over geological timescales, changes in the shape of the oceanic basins and in land/sea distribution affect sea level. In addition to eustatic changes, local changes in sea level are caused by tectonic uplift and subsidence. (en)
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  • 海水準変動 (ja)
  • Past sea level (en)
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