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- Soudy v Athénách klasické doby byly soudy v městském státě Athény v 5. a 4. století př. n. l. Autoritativní rozhodovací činnost ve sporech mezi jednotlivci v Athénách klasické doby spadala do pravomoci jednak orgánů státní moci, jednak soukromých osob (soukromí rozhodci), pokud toho strany sporu chtěly využít. Příslušné orgány státní moci představovaly búlé, shromáždění ekklésiá, areopagos (areopág), sbor , , , porotní soud a státem autorizovaní rozhodci diaitétai. Ve starší době vykonával soudní moc převážně areopág. V klasické době byla již však většina jeho původní pravomoci rozdělena mezi soudní orgány tak či onak reprezentující lid: ekklésiá, búlé a héliaiá. (cs)
- The law courts in ancient Athens (4th and 5th centuries BC) were a fundamental organ of democratic governance. According to Aristotle, whoever controls the courts controls the state. These courts were jury courts and very large ones: the smallest possible had 200 members (+1 to avoid ties) and sometimes 501, 1000 or 1500. The annual pool of jurors, whose official name was Heliaia, comprised 6000 members. At least on one known occasion the whole six thousand sat together to judge a single case (a plenary session of the Heliaia). This was very different from Rome's laws, as in Rome, jury representatives were elected. The Athenian jurors were chosen randomly by lot, which meant that juries would consist, in theory, of a wide range of members from different social classes. Jurors were chosen on an annual basis, as were all other offices within the state (with the exception of the generals, known as strategoi).After the reforms of Solon in 594/3 BC, anyone from each of the four classes (the pentacosiomedimni, hippeis, zeugites and thetes) could become a juror. This was meant to make the system much fairer to the poorer members of society, who had previously been excluded in favour of the elitist aristocrats. The archons who convened the courts had a purely administrative function and gave no legal direction or advice to the jurors: there was no judge but the jurors themselves. From the time of Pericles onwards, jury pay was introduced. This was two obols a day, which, despite not being a substantial amount of money, was enough to encourage even the poorest to become a juror. This was later increased to three obols a day by Cleon. The law courts in Athens were different and diverse: as time changed they changed too. They originated from the Council of the elite and wealthy who were in charge and ended up being open to any free male who was in the army. Athens valued justice and they had many different reforms as different challenges arose. The Athenian law court was large and decisions were made by majority. The courts could also exile those from society who were gaining too much power and could become tyrants. The laws of Athens also changed as the courts changed to work better with society. “The early Greeks were a litigious lot.” (en)
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- Soudy v Athénách klasické doby byly soudy v městském státě Athény v 5. a 4. století př. n. l. Autoritativní rozhodovací činnost ve sporech mezi jednotlivci v Athénách klasické doby spadala do pravomoci jednak orgánů státní moci, jednak soukromých osob (soukromí rozhodci), pokud toho strany sporu chtěly využít. Příslušné orgány státní moci představovaly búlé, shromáždění ekklésiá, areopagos (areopág), sbor , , , porotní soud a státem autorizovaní rozhodci diaitétai. Ve starší době vykonával soudní moc převážně areopág. V klasické době byla již však většina jeho původní pravomoci rozdělena mezi soudní orgány tak či onak reprezentující lid: ekklésiá, búlé a héliaiá. (cs)
- The law courts in ancient Athens (4th and 5th centuries BC) were a fundamental organ of democratic governance. According to Aristotle, whoever controls the courts controls the state. These courts were jury courts and very large ones: the smallest possible had 200 members (+1 to avoid ties) and sometimes 501, 1000 or 1500. The annual pool of jurors, whose official name was Heliaia, comprised 6000 members. At least on one known occasion the whole six thousand sat together to judge a single case (a plenary session of the Heliaia). This was very different from Rome's laws, as in Rome, jury representatives were elected. The Athenian jurors were chosen randomly by lot, which meant that juries would consist, in theory, of a wide range of members from different social classes. Jurors were chosen o (en)
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- Soudy v Athénách klasické doby (cs)
- Law court (ancient Athens) (en)
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