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- The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions were political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799 in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. The resolutions argued that the states had the right and the duty to declare unconstitutional those acts of Congress that the Constitution did not authorize. In doing so, they argued for states' rights and strict construction of the Constitution. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798 were written secretly by Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, respectively. The principles stated in the resolutions became known as the "Principles of '98". Adherents argued that the states could judge the constitutionality of central government laws and decrees. The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 argued that each individual state has the power to declare that federal laws are unconstitutional and void. The Kentucky Resolution of 1799 added that when the states determine that a law is unconstitutional, nullification by the states is the proper remedy. The Virginia Resolutions of 1798 refer to "interposition" to express the idea that the states have a right to "interpose" to prevent harm caused by unconstitutional laws. The Virginia Resolutions contemplated joint action by the states. The Resolutions were produced primarily as campaign material for the 1800 United States presidential election and had been controversial since their passage, eliciting disapproval from ten state legislatures. Ron Chernow assessed the theoretical damage of the resolutions as "deep and lasting ... a recipe for disunion". George Washington was so appalled by them that he told Patrick Henry that if "systematically and pertinaciously pursued", they would "dissolve the union or produce coercion". Their influence reverberated right up to the Civil War and beyond. In the years leading up to the Nullification Crisis, the resolutions divided Jeffersonian democrats, with states' rights proponents such as John C. Calhoun supporting the Principles of '98 and President Andrew Jackson opposing them. Years later, the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 led anti-slavery activists to quote the Resolutions to support their calls on Northern states to nullify what they considered unconstitutional enforcement of the law. (en)
- ケンタッキー州およびバージニア州決議（英:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions）は、1798年のアメリカ合衆国で、トーマス・ジェファーソンとジェームズ・マディソン（当時は下野していた）によって密かに書かれた州の権限を擁護するための重要な政治声明文書である。この声明は連邦党主導で制定された外国人・治安諸法に反対した2つの州、ケンタッキー州とバージニア州でのみ成立した。この声明は現代の歴史家の間で1組のものとして議論されているが、実際には2つの別々の文書である。 (ja)
- 肯塔基及弗吉尼亚决议案是弗吉尼亚州和肯塔基州议会为抗议联邦政府的《客籍法和镇压叛乱法》而通过的议案。《弗吉尼亚决议案》由詹姆斯·麦迪逊起草，1798年12月24日州议会通过。《肯塔基决议案》由副总统杰弗逊起草，布雷肯里奇提出，1798年11月16日州议会通过。 (zh)
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- ケンタッキー州およびバージニア州決議（英:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions）は、1798年のアメリカ合衆国で、トーマス・ジェファーソンとジェームズ・マディソン（当時は下野していた）によって密かに書かれた州の権限を擁護するための重要な政治声明文書である。この声明は連邦党主導で制定された外国人・治安諸法に反対した2つの州、ケンタッキー州とバージニア州でのみ成立した。この声明は現代の歴史家の間で1組のものとして議論されているが、実際には2つの別々の文書である。 (ja)
- 肯塔基及弗吉尼亚决议案是弗吉尼亚州和肯塔基州议会为抗议联邦政府的《客籍法和镇压叛乱法》而通过的议案。《弗吉尼亚决议案》由詹姆斯·麦迪逊起草，1798年12月24日州议会通过。《肯塔基决议案》由副总统杰弗逊起草，布雷肯里奇提出，1798年11月16日州议会通过。 (zh)
- The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions were political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799 in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. The resolutions argued that the states had the right and the duty to declare unconstitutional those acts of Congress that the Constitution did not authorize. In doing so, they argued for states' rights and strict construction of the Constitution. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798 were written secretly by Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, respectively. (en)
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- Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (en)
- ケンタッキー州およびバージニア州決議 (ja)
- 肯塔基及弗吉尼亚决议案 (zh)
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