About: Homer Plessy

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Homer Adolph Plessy (born Homère Patris Plessy; 1862 or March 17, 1863 – March 1, 1925) was an American shoemaker and activist, best known as the plaintiff in the United States Supreme Court decision Plessy v. Ferguson. He staged an act of civil disobedience to challenge one of Louisiana's racial segregation laws and bring a test case to force the U.S. Supreme Court to rule on the constitutionality of segregation laws. The Court decided against Plessy. The resulting "separate but equal" legal doctrine determined that state-mandated segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution as long as the facilities provided for both black and white people were putatively "equal". The legal precedent set by Plessy v. Ferguson lasted into the mid-20th century, unt

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  • Homer Adolph Plessy (born Homère Patris Plessy; 1862 or March 17, 1863 – March 1, 1925) was an American shoemaker and activist, best known as the plaintiff in the United States Supreme Court decision Plessy v. Ferguson. He staged an act of civil disobedience to challenge one of Louisiana's racial segregation laws and bring a test case to force the U.S. Supreme Court to rule on the constitutionality of segregation laws. The Court decided against Plessy. The resulting "separate but equal" legal doctrine determined that state-mandated segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution as long as the facilities provided for both black and white people were putatively "equal". The legal precedent set by Plessy v. Ferguson lasted into the mid-20th century, until a series of landmark Supreme Court decisions concerning segregation, beginning with Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. Plessy was born a free person of color in a family of French-speaking Louisiana Creole people. Growing up during the Reconstruction era, Plessy lived in a society in which black children attended integrated schools, black men could vote, and interracial marriage was legal. However, many of those civil rights were eroded following the withdrawal of U.S. federal troops from the former Confederate States of America in 1877. In the 1880s, Plessy became involved in political activism, and in 1892, the civil rights group Comité des Citoyens recruited him for an act of civil disobedience to challenge Louisiana's Separate Car Act, which required separate accommodations for black and white people on railroads. On June 7, 1892, Plessy purchased a ticket for a "whites only" first-class train coach, boarded the train, and was arrested by a private detective hired by the group. Judge John Howard Ferguson ruled against Plessy in a state criminal district court, upholding the law on the grounds that Louisiana had the right to regulate railroads within its borders. Plessy appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which heard the case four years later in 1896 and ruled 7–1 in favor of Louisiana, establishing the "separate but equal" doctrine as a legal basis for the Jim Crow laws which remained in effect into the 1950s and 1960s. (en)
  • Homer Patrice Adolphe Plessy, né le 17 mars 1863 à la La Nouvelle-Orléans (États-Unis) et mort le 1er mars 1925 à Metairie (États-Unis), est un Créole de Louisiane francophone, principalement connu en raison de sa qualité de demandeur dans l'affaire Plessy v. Ferguson qui a fait l'objet d'un arrêt de la Cour suprême des États-Unis en 1896 légalisant la ségrégation raciale dans le pays. (fr)
  • Homer Plessy (Nova Orleans, 7 de março de 1862 – Nova Orleans, 1º de março de 1925) foi um sapateiro e corretor de seguros estadunidense de origem creole que se tornou notável por ter sido o querelante no caso da Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos conhecido como Plessy v. Ferguson. Preso, julgado e condenado em Nova Orleans por violar uma das leis de segregação racial do estado da Louisiana, ele apelou nos tribunais do estado até chegar a Suprema Corte. O resultado no tribunal máximo do país, que gerou a política de "separados, mas iguais" contra os afro-americanos, teve grandes consequências para os direitos civis dos negros nos Estados Unidos. A decisão legalizou a segregação racial no nível estatal nos Estados Unidos, desde que as instalações previstas para ambos brancos e negros fossem putativamente "iguais". Plessy nasceu no Dia de São Patrício de 1862, quando as tropas federais de ocupação – lideradas pelo general Benjamin Franklin Butler – haviam libertado os afro-americanos de Nova Orleans. Os negros podiam se casar com quem quisessem, se sentar em qualquer banco nos bondes, e e frequentar escolas racialmente integradas. Na vida adulta, Plessy viu esses ganhos do período de ocupação federal da Guerra de Secessão (1862–1865) e posterior era de Reconstrução serem abolidos após a retirada das tropas em 1877 por ordem do então presidente dos Estados Unidos, Rutherford B. Hayes. Em qualquer outro dia de 1892, Plessy – com sua cor de pele pálida – poderia ter andado no bonde restrito a passageiros brancos sem ser notado. Ele era classificado como "7/8 branco" ou como um octoroon, de acordo com a linguagem da época. Embora seja muitas vezes entendido que Plessy tinha apenas uma avó de ascendência africana, ambos seus pais são identificados como "negros livres" em sua certidão de nascimento. Com a esperança de derrubar as leis segregacionistas, o Comitê dos Cidadãos (Comité des citoyens) de Nova Orleans recrutou Plessy para que violasse a lei de 1890 que separava brancos e negros no transporte público. O Comitê avisou previamente a empresa que controlava a estrada de ferro – que se opunha à lei por esta exigir a adição de mais vagões para seus trens – da intenção de Plessy. Em 7 de junho de 1892, Plessy comprou um bilhete de primeira classe para o trem que ia de Nova Orleans para Covington, sentou-se no vagão para os passageiros brancos e apenas o condutor lhe perguntou se ele era um homem negro. O Comitê contratou um detetive particular, com poderes de prisão, para retirar Plessy do trem na esquina das ruas Press e Royal, para garantir que ele fosse acusado criminalmente de violar a lei estadual de vagões separados para brancos e negros. Tudo o que o Comitê havia tramado ocorreu conforme o planejado, exceto a rejeição final da causa em 1896 pela Suprema Corte. Até então, a composição da Suprema Corte tinha ganhado uma inclinação mais segregacionista, e o Comitê sabia que seria provável perder a ação. Mas os membros do Comitê decidiram por levar a ação adiante mesmo assim. (pt)
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  • Plessy, 163 U.S. at 543–44. (en)
  • Plessy, 163 U.S. at 551. (en)
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  • The object of the [Fourteenth] Amendment was undoubtedly to enforce the absolute equality of the two races before the law, but in the nature of things, it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to enforce social, as distinguished from political equality, or a commingling of the two races upon terms unsatisfactory to either. (en)
  • We consider the underlying fallacy of the plaintiff's argument to consist in the assumption that the enforced separation of the two races stamps the colored race with a badge of inferiority. If this be so, it is not by reason of anything found in the act, but solely because the colored race chooses to put that construction on it. (en)
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  • Homer Patrice Adolphe Plessy, né le 17 mars 1863 à la La Nouvelle-Orléans (États-Unis) et mort le 1er mars 1925 à Metairie (États-Unis), est un Créole de Louisiane francophone, principalement connu en raison de sa qualité de demandeur dans l'affaire Plessy v. Ferguson qui a fait l'objet d'un arrêt de la Cour suprême des États-Unis en 1896 légalisant la ségrégation raciale dans le pays. (fr)
  • Homer Adolph Plessy (born Homère Patris Plessy; 1862 or March 17, 1863 – March 1, 1925) was an American shoemaker and activist, best known as the plaintiff in the United States Supreme Court decision Plessy v. Ferguson. He staged an act of civil disobedience to challenge one of Louisiana's racial segregation laws and bring a test case to force the U.S. Supreme Court to rule on the constitutionality of segregation laws. The Court decided against Plessy. The resulting "separate but equal" legal doctrine determined that state-mandated segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution as long as the facilities provided for both black and white people were putatively "equal". The legal precedent set by Plessy v. Ferguson lasted into the mid-20th century, unt (en)
  • Homer Plessy (Nova Orleans, 7 de março de 1862 – Nova Orleans, 1º de março de 1925) foi um sapateiro e corretor de seguros estadunidense de origem creole que se tornou notável por ter sido o querelante no caso da Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos conhecido como Plessy v. Ferguson. Preso, julgado e condenado em Nova Orleans por violar uma das leis de segregação racial do estado da Louisiana, ele apelou nos tribunais do estado até chegar a Suprema Corte. O resultado no tribunal máximo do país, que gerou a política de "separados, mas iguais" contra os afro-americanos, teve grandes consequências para os direitos civis dos negros nos Estados Unidos. A decisão legalizou a segregação racial no nível estatal nos Estados Unidos, desde que as instalações previstas para ambos brancos e negros fossem p (pt)
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  • Homer Plessy (en)
  • Homer Plessy (fr)
  • Homer Plessy (pt)
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