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The fortifications of Paris in the 19th and 20th centuries comprise: * The Thiers Wall, surrounding the city of Paris, and farther from the city, * The detached forts and their complementary fieldworks. They were built in two stages: * 1840–1845: the Thiers Wall and the first ring of forts, about five kilometers from the city; * 1874–1885: the second ring of forts, about twenty kilometers from the city.

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  • The fortifications of Paris in the 19th and 20th centuries comprise: * The Thiers Wall, surrounding the city of Paris, and farther from the city, * The detached forts and their complementary fieldworks. They were built in two stages: * 1840–1845: the Thiers Wall and the first ring of forts, about five kilometers from the city; * 1874–1885: the second ring of forts, about twenty kilometers from the city. From a military point of view, Paris is a fortified camp situated in a basin. During the 19th century, both Prussian invasions (1814–15 and 1870) saw the bombardment of Paris from the surrounding heights. Fortifications were extended outwards after each invasion as the range of artillery continued to develop, in order to deny the use of the heights to the enemy. (en)
  • Les fortifications de Paris aux XIXe et XXe siècles comprennent trois périmètres : 1. * L'enceinte de Thiers, juste autour de la ville de Paris ; 2. * La première ceinture de forts, à environ 5 km de Paris, constituée de seize forts détachés et d'ouvrages complémentaires ; 3. * La deuxième ceinture de forts, à environ 20 km de Paris. Elles ont été construites à deux périodes distinctes : * 1840-1845 : l'enceinte de Thiers et la première ceinture de forts ; * 1874-1885 : la deuxième ceinture de forts.Article détaillé : Plans de Paris. (fr)
  • Fortyfikacje Paryża (XIX wiek) – pierścień umocnień wokół Paryża, wzniesionych w dwóch głównych etapach: w latach 40. (tzw. fortyfikacje Thiersa) i 80. (system Séré de Rivières’a) XIX wieku. Składały się z rdzenia w postaci ciągłego obwodu z bastionami i dwóch pierścieni zewnętrznych fortów. (pl)
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  • Les fortifications de Paris aux XIXe et XXe siècles comprennent trois périmètres : 1. * L'enceinte de Thiers, juste autour de la ville de Paris ; 2. * La première ceinture de forts, à environ 5 km de Paris, constituée de seize forts détachés et d'ouvrages complémentaires ; 3. * La deuxième ceinture de forts, à environ 20 km de Paris. Elles ont été construites à deux périodes distinctes : * 1840-1845 : l'enceinte de Thiers et la première ceinture de forts ; * 1874-1885 : la deuxième ceinture de forts.Article détaillé : Plans de Paris. (fr)
  • Fortyfikacje Paryża (XIX wiek) – pierścień umocnień wokół Paryża, wzniesionych w dwóch głównych etapach: w latach 40. (tzw. fortyfikacje Thiersa) i 80. (system Séré de Rivières’a) XIX wieku. Składały się z rdzenia w postaci ciągłego obwodu z bastionami i dwóch pierścieni zewnętrznych fortów. (pl)
  • The fortifications of Paris in the 19th and 20th centuries comprise: * The Thiers Wall, surrounding the city of Paris, and farther from the city, * The detached forts and their complementary fieldworks. They were built in two stages: * 1840–1845: the Thiers Wall and the first ring of forts, about five kilometers from the city; * 1874–1885: the second ring of forts, about twenty kilometers from the city. (en)
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  • Fortifications de Paris aux XIXe et XXe siècles (fr)
  • Fortifications of Paris in the 19th and 20th centuries (en)
  • Fortyfikacje Paryża (XIX wiek) (pl)
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