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China's family planning policies (Chinese: 计划生育政策) have included specific birth quotas (three-child policy, two-child policy and the one-child policy) as well as harsh enforcements of such quotas. Together, these elements constitute the population planning program of the People's Republic of China. China's program should not be confused with the family planning programs instituted in other countries, which were designed to encourage parents to have the number of children they desired—in China, the provision of contraception through family planning programs was subservient to a birth planning program under which the government designated how many births parents could have in order to control the size of its population.

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  • China's family planning policies (Chinese: 计划生育政策) have included specific birth quotas (three-child policy, two-child policy and the one-child policy) as well as harsh enforcements of such quotas. Together, these elements constitute the population planning program of the People's Republic of China. China's program should not be confused with the family planning programs instituted in other countries, which were designed to encourage parents to have the number of children they desired—in China, the provision of contraception through family planning programs was subservient to a birth planning program under which the government designated how many births parents could have in order to control the size of its population. In Chairman Mao Zedong's time, the Chinese government had ambiguous and changing attitude towards family planning, especially during the Great Leap Forward. Family planning was first introduced in the 1950s as a "recommendation", yet had never been strictly implemented until 1970, when the Military Control Commission of China's Ministry of Health announced that contraceptives would be provided free of charge, and Premier Zhou Enlai enacted population growth targets for urban and rural areas, respectively. Malthusian concerns continued, with two-child restrictions starting in the early 1970s under the later-longer-fewer program. After Mao died in 1976, the policy evolved into the one-child policy in 1979, when a group of senior leaders decided that existing birth restrictions were insufficient to cope with what they saw to be a overpopulation crisis. But the one-child policy allowed many exceptions and ethnic minorities were exempt. In late 2015, the remnants of one-child limits were lifted and reverted back to two-child limits as had been in place during the 1970s. And in May 2021, the Xi Jinping Administration formally introduced the three-child policy to replace the two-child policy. After only two months, in July 2021, the government removed all penalties for couples who have more children than they are allowed. (en)
  • Kebijakan keluarga berencana Tiongkok (Tionghoa: 计划生育政策) meliputi kuota kelahiran spesifik (kebijakan tiga anak, kebijakan dua anak dan kebijakan satu anak) serta pemberlakuan ketat terhadap kuota semacam itu. Secara bersamaan, unsur-unsur tersebut meliputi program perencanaan populasi Republik Rakyat Tiongkok. (in)
  • 이 문서에서는 중화인민공화국의 출산 정책에 대해서 설명한다. 중화인민공화국은 1980년부터 2015년까지 한 자녀 정책을 실시했다. 1960년대까지 중화인민공화국은 산아제한이 없었다. 마오쩌둥 주석은 인구가 많은 것은 좋은 일이고 몇배로 늘어도 상관없다고 말했으며, 혁명을 통해 생산력을 높이면 된다고 덧붙였다. 하지만 인구가 크게 증가하면서 자원과 식량이 부족해지자 1970년대에 산아 제한이라는 정부 정책이 등장하게 되었다. 1980년대가 되어서 1가구 1자녀 정책이 의무화되었으나 그로 인하여 인구가 감소되었고, 법으로 1가구 1자녀가 강제화 되면서 헤이 하이즈, 성비 불균형 등의 부작용이 발생하였다. 1990년대에는 출산정책이 완화되어 부모 둘다 외동인 경우, 농촌에서 첫째가 딸인 경우 둘째 출산을 허용하였다.(농촌에서 첫째가 딸이어서 둘째를 낳는 경우 4살 터울이어야 한다.) 중화인민공화국은 2015년 10월, 한 자녀 정책을 폐지했고, 저출산 및 고령화 현상을 해결하기 위하여 둘째 출산을 전면 허용하였다. 중화인민공화국은 계획 출산 체계를 주도하고 있다. (ko)
  • 计划生育是中华人民共和国的人口控制政策,属于基本国策。具体的政策在中华人民共和国历史的不同时期并不完全相同,现行的计划生育政策以控制中国大陸人口数量为目的,提倡适龄婚育、优生优育,实行人口长期均衡发展的生育政策。在世界范围内,计划生育运动早在19世纪以及20世纪初就开始发展,其中英国学者托马斯·罗伯特·马尔萨斯的《人口论》以及、美国学者山额夫人创立的美国计划生育联盟(后更名为美国计划生育联合会)较有影响力。 中华人民共和国成立初期,中国大陸曾鼓励生育,并效仿苏联给予生育多的妇女以“英雄母亲”、“光荣母亲”的荣誉称号。1953年,在时任北京大学校长、人口学家马寅初等人的提议下,中国大陸开展了第一次全国人口普查,结果显示中国大陸总人口突破6亿,比1949年增长超过1亿多人口、人口自然增长率超过20‰。马寅初等人随即带队进行调查研究,并多次向中共中央和中央人民政府提出要进行“计划生育”、“控制人口”,获得刘少奇、周恩来等领导人的认可,但随后受到毛泽东、康生、陈伯达等人的反对(此前毛泽东曾对节育表达过一定支持),而1957年“反右运动”起马寅初逐渐遭到全国范围的批判,并于1960年被迫辞去北大校长职务,随后遭到软禁。期间,毛泽东等人于1958年发起的“大跃进”直接造成三年困难时期,据各方估计有数千万人非正常死亡,1962年后即出现婴儿潮。因此,在1970年以前,各种因素导致中国大陸的计划生育并未广泛实行;截止1964年,第二次全国人口普查显示中国大陸总人口达7.23亿,而截至1969年中国大陸总人口超过8亿。 1970年代初期,毛泽东等人的态度发生转变,中国大陸开始实行计划生育,在第四个五年计划中提出“一个不少,两个正好,三个多了”的口号。1973年,第一次全国计划生育彙报会中提出“晚、稀、少”的政策,要求晚婚、一对夫妇两次生育间隔3年以上、生育不超过两个孩子。1976年毛泽东逝世,中国大陸人口数量到达9.3亿。1978年底,邓小平成为中国大陸第二代最高领导人,主导拨乱反正、马寅初等人被平反,而在邓小平、陈云、华国锋、李先念等人的推动下,自1980年起中共中央在全国范围内普遍提倡“一对夫妇只生育一个孩子”。1982年7月,第三次全国人口普查数据显示中国大陆人口数量突破10亿;1982年底,第五届全国人民代表大会第五次会议将计划生育定为基本国策。1995年起,中国大陸进一步提倡“晚婚晚育、少生优生”。1990年-2010年,全国人口普查显示中国大陆总人口从11.3亿增长到13.4亿,人口总数位居世界第一、生育率低于世界平均水平;截止2019年底,中国大陆总人口达到14亿。根据中国大陸于2007年、2013年的官方估计,计划生育政策使得中国大陸少出生4亿多人、使世界60亿人口日推迟4年到来,而21世纪以来,中国大陸计划生育所取得的成果得到包括联合国人口基金会在内的肯定,但其中的部分强制性举措(譬如强制引产、结扎、强制上环、查环以及公开节育措施)和公民的人权受损也遭致诸多批评。 具体政策上,2013年以前中国大陆對计划生育態度仍很堅定,並打算繼續推行以独生子女政策(一孩政策)为主,农村夫妻只有一个女孩、夫妻双方为独生子女、自治区和一些省的少数民族(壮族、满族除外)等几种情况可以生育两个子女的方針;其中,新疆少数民族农牧民、青海少数民族牧民可以生育三个子女,而西藏自治区对藏族实行自愿计划生育政策,但提倡已有三个孩子的夫妇不再生育。根据国际法,计划生育必须以自愿为前提,以保障生育权为目标。另一方面,近年来中国大陆人口的结构问题凸显,总和生育率接近世界最低水平、老龄化严重、儿童性别比极高;此外,计划生育的目标(原本预定仅執行20餘年左右,已经超过年限)和理论依据(计划未充分考虑各性別、民族的人口失衡)也开始受到质疑,尤其在2013年推行單独二孩政策大大低於估算后,中国大陸因错判形势而受到批评。 2015年10月26日到29日,中共中央在十八届五中全会宣布加速開展全面二胎,在中国大陆实行30余年的一胎化政策正式走入历史。但提前將全面生育急速放開的背景下,除2016年受70年代女性反響,出生少量增加之外並沒有釋放更多的人口,年輕女性的懷胎率持續出現創歷史新低的下跌現象,經歷連續三年減少,2020年已經降至約1000萬人,除較預期嚴重之外,其中部分地區陷入失衡,甚至損失了32%的新生兒,再創下1949年中國大陸在戰後新低,學者指出東北人口在早期出現生育率警訊的時候,並沒有獲得全國範圍內的重視。为进一步解决人口增长急速下降的问题,应对人口老龄化,中共中央政治局又于2021年5月31日宣布实施三孩政策并开始提供促生配套措施。 (zh)
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  • ㄐㄧˋㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄕㄥㄩˋ (en)
dbp:l
  • Planning fertilization (en)
dbp:p
  • Jìhuà shēngyù (en)
dbp:pic
  • One child policy.jpg (en)
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  • A government sign in Tangshan Village, De'an County, Jiujiang, Jiangxi: "For the sake of the country's prosperity and families' happiness, please implement family planning" (en)
dbp:s
  • 计划生育 (en)
dbp:t
  • 計劃生育 (en)
dbp:title
  • Family planning (en)
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  • Kebijakan keluarga berencana Tiongkok (Tionghoa: 计划生育政策) meliputi kuota kelahiran spesifik (kebijakan tiga anak, kebijakan dua anak dan kebijakan satu anak) serta pemberlakuan ketat terhadap kuota semacam itu. Secara bersamaan, unsur-unsur tersebut meliputi program perencanaan populasi Republik Rakyat Tiongkok. (in)
  • 이 문서에서는 중화인민공화국의 출산 정책에 대해서 설명한다. 중화인민공화국은 1980년부터 2015년까지 한 자녀 정책을 실시했다. 1960년대까지 중화인민공화국은 산아제한이 없었다. 마오쩌둥 주석은 인구가 많은 것은 좋은 일이고 몇배로 늘어도 상관없다고 말했으며, 혁명을 통해 생산력을 높이면 된다고 덧붙였다. 하지만 인구가 크게 증가하면서 자원과 식량이 부족해지자 1970년대에 산아 제한이라는 정부 정책이 등장하게 되었다. 1980년대가 되어서 1가구 1자녀 정책이 의무화되었으나 그로 인하여 인구가 감소되었고, 법으로 1가구 1자녀가 강제화 되면서 헤이 하이즈, 성비 불균형 등의 부작용이 발생하였다. 1990년대에는 출산정책이 완화되어 부모 둘다 외동인 경우, 농촌에서 첫째가 딸인 경우 둘째 출산을 허용하였다.(농촌에서 첫째가 딸이어서 둘째를 낳는 경우 4살 터울이어야 한다.) 중화인민공화국은 2015년 10월, 한 자녀 정책을 폐지했고, 저출산 및 고령화 현상을 해결하기 위하여 둘째 출산을 전면 허용하였다. 중화인민공화국은 계획 출산 체계를 주도하고 있다. (ko)
  • China's family planning policies (Chinese: 计划生育政策) have included specific birth quotas (three-child policy, two-child policy and the one-child policy) as well as harsh enforcements of such quotas. Together, these elements constitute the population planning program of the People's Republic of China. China's program should not be confused with the family planning programs instituted in other countries, which were designed to encourage parents to have the number of children they desired—in China, the provision of contraception through family planning programs was subservient to a birth planning program under which the government designated how many births parents could have in order to control the size of its population. (en)
  • 计划生育是中华人民共和国的人口控制政策,属于基本国策。具体的政策在中华人民共和国历史的不同时期并不完全相同,现行的计划生育政策以控制中国大陸人口数量为目的,提倡适龄婚育、优生优育,实行人口长期均衡发展的生育政策。在世界范围内,计划生育运动早在19世纪以及20世纪初就开始发展,其中英国学者托马斯·罗伯特·马尔萨斯的《人口论》以及、美国学者山额夫人创立的美国计划生育联盟(后更名为美国计划生育联合会)较有影响力。 具体政策上,2013年以前中国大陆對计划生育態度仍很堅定,並打算繼續推行以独生子女政策(一孩政策)为主,农村夫妻只有一个女孩、夫妻双方为独生子女、自治区和一些省的少数民族(壮族、满族除外)等几种情况可以生育两个子女的方針;其中,新疆少数民族农牧民、青海少数民族牧民可以生育三个子女,而西藏自治区对藏族实行自愿计划生育政策,但提倡已有三个孩子的夫妇不再生育。根据国际法,计划生育必须以自愿为前提,以保障生育权为目标。另一方面,近年来中国大陆人口的结构问题凸显,总和生育率接近世界最低水平、老龄化严重、儿童性别比极高;此外,计划生育的目标(原本预定仅執行20餘年左右,已经超过年限)和理论依据(计划未充分考虑各性別、民族的人口失衡)也开始受到质疑,尤其在2013年推行單独二孩政策大大低於估算后,中国大陸因错判形势而受到批评。 (zh)
rdfs:label
  • Kebijakan keluarga berencana Tiongkok (in)
  • Family planning policies of China (en)
  • 중화인민공화국의 출산 정책 (ko)
  • 中华人民共和国计划生育 (zh)
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