| dbo:abstract
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- Ο οτζοβισμός είναι μια πολιτική τάση, που εμφανίστηκε το 1909 στη Ρωσία, μέσα στη μπολσεβίκικη πτέρυγα του Ρωσικού Σοσιαλδημοκρατικού Κόμματος. Υποστήριζε ότι έπρεπε να ανακληθούν οι σοσιαλδημοκράτες αντιπρόσωποι από την Τρίτη Δούμα. Αυτό, διότι οι πραγματικοί επαναστάτες δεν είχαν καμιά θέση μέσα στην τσαρική Δούμα, που ήταν όργανο των αντιδραστικών. Όσοι έμπαιναν σ' αυτήν, θα έπρεπε να απαρνηθούν την επανάσταση. Η εκμετάλλευση των δυνατοτήτων που παρείχε η νομοθεσία, ήταν ουσιαστικά ανέφικτη στις επικρατούσες τότε συνθήκες. Οι συνεπείς μπολσεβίκοι δεν είχαν καμιά θέση μέσα σε μια λέσχη ή ένα συνδικάτο, που λειτουργούσε υπό την εποπτεία της αστυνομίας. Οι οτζοβιστές θεωρούσαν εσφαλμένη αλλά και οπορτουνιστική την εκμετάλλευση των δυνατοτήτων που παρείχαν οι νόμοι, τακτική την οποία υποστήριζε ο Λένιν. Χαρακτήριζαν τον Λένιν και τους οπαδούς του δεξιούς, κι έλεγαν ότι είχαν χάσει την πίστη τους στην επανάσταση.Επικεφαλής των οτζοβιστών ήταν ο , ένας Μοσχοβίτης διανοούμενος (μενσεβίκος κατά την Οκτωβριανή Επανάσταση και κατόπιν αντιδραστικός), και ο Αλεξίνσκι. Λίγο ως πολύ υποστηρίζονταν από τον και τον . Η επαναστατική φρασεολογία των οτζοβιστών είχε ως αποτέλεσμα να τους ακολουθήσουν πολλοί επαναστάτες εργάτες. Δέχτηκαν σφοδρή πολεμική από τον «Προλετάριο», τον οποίο διεύθυναν ο Λένιν, ο και ο , οι οποίοι υποστήριζαν ότι ο οτζοβισμός ήταν επικίνδυνη τάση, διότι θα είχε ως συνέπεια να απομακρυνθούν οι μπολσεβίκοι από τις εργατικές μάζες και την καθημερινή πάλη. (el)
- In the course of the history of the RSDLP (Russian Social Democratic Labour Party between 1898 and 1918), several political factions developed, as well as the major split between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks.
* Bolsheviks formed in 1903 from the major split in the RSDLP which also produced the Mensheviks. The Bolshevik faction followed Vladimir Lenin, and organised a separate party, the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party, aka Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks), in 1912. After the October Revolution of November 1917 it became the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).
* Mensheviks formed from the 1903 split with the Bolsheviks; the Mensheviks followed Julius Martov. With the formal severing of ties in 1912, the Mensheviks used the name Russian Social Democratic Party (Mensheviks), or sometimes without the qualifier. At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the majority supporting the war ("Defencists") maintained control of the RSDLP(M) under Fyodor Dan and others, while those opposed to the war left as the Menshevik Internationalists under Martov.
* Borba ("the Struggle"), an expatriate group based in Paris from 1901 to 1903.
* Jewish Labour Bund had an autonomous statute inside the RSDLP between the first congress in Minsk in March 1898 and the second congress in Brussels and London in August 1903, and again from the Fourth (Unification) Congress in Stockholm in April 1906.
* Liquidators (Liquidationists) were a faction of the Mensheviks who left in 1905 (plus their ideological compatriots who remained), maintaining that with the availability of legal participation in political life, the underground revolutionary party must be liquidated.
* Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (of Internationalists) (1917-1919). The programme of the group was largely similar to that of the Menshevik-Internationalists, and politically it positioned itself between the Menshevik-Internationalists and the Bolsheviks. The faction merged with the Bolsheviks in 1919.
* Menshevik-Internationalists were the faction who opposed involvement of Russian socialists in the war effort; they split from the Mensheviks in 1914 under that faction's founder, Martov. The Menshevik-Internationalists eventually merged with Mezhraiontsy, which merged with the Bolsheviks in 1917.
* Mezhraiontsy formed in 1913 by Konstantin Yurenev to attempt to bridge the divide between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks, but eventually merged in 1917 with the Bolsheviks.
* Otzovists (or Recallists; 1907-1909) were a group of radical Bolsheviks who demanded to cease all participation of the RSDLP in legal state establishments, in particular, to recall the RSDLP representatives from the State Duma, hence the name ("to recall" is otozvat in Russian). Among the prominent Otzovists were Alexander Bogdanov, Mikhail Pokrovsky, Anatoly Lunacharsky, and Andrei Bubnov. The debates among Bolsheviks whether to boycott the new constituency of the Russian parliament known as the Third Duma started after the defeat of the revolution in mid-1907 and the adoption of a new, highly restrictive election law. This faction subsequently organised itself in the Vpered group from 1909.
* (1907-1909) were a radical faction of Bolsheviks which demanded that an ultimatum must be sent to Bolshevik deputies of the 3rd State Duma(elected in 1907) demanding that they be uncompromisingly radical. While Vladimir Lenin sided with them twice (according to Julius Martov's History), he eventually denounced them, dubbing them "liquidators inside out". Ultimatists controlled the St. Petersburg Bolshevik organization until September 1909.
* Yedinstvo ("Unity", 1914-1918) comprised associates and followers of Georgi Plekhanov.
* Yuzhny Rabochy ("Southern Worker"; 1899-1903) opposed the Iskra programme of building a centralised party.
* Vpered (1909-1912), left-communist faction of ex-Bolsheviks. (en)
- 러시아 사회민주노동당(RSDLP)에는 다양한 정파가 있었다.
* 볼셰비키(러시아어: большевики), 다수파(영어: majority): 1903년 RSDLP 대분열 때 형성. 영수는 블라디미르 레닌. 1912년 러시아 사회민주노동당 다수파(RSDLP(B))로 당을 따로 차리며 분당. 10월 혁명 이후 러시아 사회민주노동당 다수파는 전연방 공산당으로 진화.
* 오초비스츠, 철회파(영어: recallists): 볼셰비키 내부 급진파. RSDLP의 모든 합법 활동을 중단할 것을 요구. 특히 국가두마에 가지고 있는 의석을 철회히야 한다고 주장. 주요 인물로 알렉산드르 보그다노프, , , 등. 이후 (전진파)로 발전.
* 통첩파(영어: ultimatist) 볼셰비키 내부 급진파. 두마의 볼셰비키 의원들에게 타협하지 않는 급진성을 요구하는 최후통첩을 보내야 한다고 주장. 레닌은 이들과 두어 번 편을 같이 했으나(마르토프의 회고록에 따르면), 결국은 "거꾸로 세운 청산파와 같다"며 평가절하하고 버렸다. 통첩파는 1909년 9월까지 상트페테르부르크의 볼셰비키 조직을 장악했다.
* (러시아어: борьба́), 투쟁파(영어: struggle): 프랑스 파리에 근거하던 국외자 집단
* (러시아어: Бунд, 독일어: Bund), 유대인 노동총동맹(General Jewish Labour Bund): 1898년 민스크에서 열린 부터 브뤼셀에서 열린 사이, 그리고 1903년 런던에서 열린 와 1906년 4월 스톡홀름에서 열린 사이에 RSDLP 내부의 자치적 세력으로 더부살이했다.
* (러시아어: Южный рабочий), 남부노동자파(영어: Southern Worker): 1899년 유대계를 중심으로 형성. 동명의 신문 발행. 제2차 당대회 때 해산. 중앙집중된 당을 만들자는 노선 자체에 반대.
* 멘셰비키(러시아어: меньшевики), 소수파(영어: minority): 1903년 대분열 때 볼셰비키와 동시에 형성. 영수는 . 1912년 완전히 따로 살림을 차리게 되면서 러시아 사회민주노동당 소수파(RSDLP(M))를 창당.
* 청산파(영어: Liquidators): 1905년 멘셰비키에서 이탈한 집단. 제도권 준법정치의 가능성을 모색했으며 지하혁명활동의 "청산"을 주장.
* 방위파(영어: Defencists): 제1차 세계대전 당시 멘셰비키 당내 다수파. 영수는 . 전쟁을 지지.
* 국제파(영어: Internationalists): 제1차 세계대전 당시 멘셰비키 당내 소수파. 영수는 율리우스 마르토프. 전쟁 반대하여 탈당. 메즈라이온치에 흡수.
* (러시아어: межрайонцы), 지구당간파(영어: Interdistrictites): 1913년 형성되어 볼셰비키와 멘셰비키 간에 가교가 되기를 시도했으나 실패하고 볼셰비키에 흡수.
* 예딘스트보(러시아어: Единство), 통합파(영어: unity): 1914년-1917년에 존재. 영수는 게오르기 플레하노프. (ko)
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| rdfs:comment
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- Ο οτζοβισμός είναι μια πολιτική τάση, που εμφανίστηκε το 1909 στη Ρωσία, μέσα στη μπολσεβίκικη πτέρυγα του Ρωσικού Σοσιαλδημοκρατικού Κόμματος. Υποστήριζε ότι έπρεπε να ανακληθούν οι σοσιαλδημοκράτες αντιπρόσωποι από την Τρίτη Δούμα. Αυτό, διότι οι πραγματικοί επαναστάτες δεν είχαν καμιά θέση μέσα στην τσαρική Δούμα, που ήταν όργανο των αντιδραστικών. Όσοι έμπαιναν σ' αυτήν, θα έπρεπε να απαρνηθούν την επανάσταση. Η εκμετάλλευση των δυνατοτήτων που παρείχε η νομοθεσία, ήταν ουσιαστικά ανέφικτη στις επικρατούσες τότε συνθήκες. Οι συνεπείς μπολσεβίκοι δεν είχαν καμιά θέση μέσα σε μια λέσχη ή ένα συνδικάτο, που λειτουργούσε υπό την εποπτεία της αστυνομίας. Οι οτζοβιστές θεωρούσαν εσφαλμένη αλλά και οπορτουνιστική την εκμετάλλευση των δυνατοτήτων που παρείχαν οι νόμοι, τακτική την οποία υποστή (el)
- In the course of the history of the RSDLP (Russian Social Democratic Labour Party between 1898 and 1918), several political factions developed, as well as the major split between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. (en)
- 러시아 사회민주노동당(RSDLP)에는 다양한 정파가 있었다.
* 볼셰비키(러시아어: большевики), 다수파(영어: majority): 1903년 RSDLP 대분열 때 형성. 영수는 블라디미르 레닌. 1912년 러시아 사회민주노동당 다수파(RSDLP(B))로 당을 따로 차리며 분당. 10월 혁명 이후 러시아 사회민주노동당 다수파는 전연방 공산당으로 진화.
* 오초비스츠, 철회파(영어: recallists): 볼셰비키 내부 급진파. RSDLP의 모든 합법 활동을 중단할 것을 요구. 특히 국가두마에 가지고 있는 의석을 철회히야 한다고 주장. 주요 인물로 알렉산드르 보그다노프, , , 등. 이후 (전진파)로 발전.
* 통첩파(영어: ultimatist) 볼셰비키 내부 급진파. 두마의 볼셰비키 의원들에게 타협하지 않는 급진성을 요구하는 최후통첩을 보내야 한다고 주장. 레닌은 이들과 두어 번 편을 같이 했으나(마르토프의 회고록에 따르면), 결국은 "거꾸로 세운 청산파와 같다"며 평가절하하고 버렸다. 통첩파는 1909년 9월까지 상트페테르부르크의 볼셰비키 조직을 장악했다.
* (러시아어: борьба́), 투쟁파(영어: struggle): 프랑스 파리에 근거하던 국외자 집단
* (러시아어: Бунд, 독일어: Bund), 유대인 노동총동맹(General Jewish Labour Bund): 1898년 민스크에서 열린 부터 브뤼셀에서 열린 사이, 그리고 1903년 런던에서 열린 와 1906년 4월 스톡홀름에서 열린 사이에 RSDLP 내부의 자치적 세력으로 더부살이했다.
* (러시아어: Южный ра (ko)
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