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- The debate on the "Chineseness" of Yuan and Qing dynasties is concerned with whether the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) and the Manchu-led Qing dynasty (1636–1912) can be considered "Chinese dynasties", and whether they were representative of "China" during the respective historical periods. The debate, albeit historiographical in nature, has political implications. Mainstream academia and successive governments of China, including the imperial governments of the Yuan and Qing dynasties, have maintained the view that they were "Chinese" and representative of "China". In short, the cause of the controversy stems from the dispute in interpreting the relationship between the two concepts "Han Chinese" and "China", because although the Chinese government recognizes 56 ethnic groups in China and the Han have a more open view of the Yuan and Qing dynasties since Liang Qichao and other royalist reformers supported the Qing dynasty, the Han are China's main ethnic group, this means that there are many opinions that equate Han Chinese people with China and lead to criticism of the legitimacy of these two dynasties. (en)
- 元清非中國論，或稱滿蒙非中國論，是一種有關中國朝代的歷史觀點，該觀點的支持者認為在中國歷史中非起源於中原地區且不是由漢族統治的元朝和清朝不屬於中國王朝，認為元清是中國的亡國時期，且當時中國是蒙元和滿清的殖民地，又認為元清擴張的疆域非中國領土。 晚清時期，部分日本學者為了解釋「中國」疆域而翻譯源自西方的詞語中國本部（英語：China Proper）。有观点认为“满蒙不属于中国论”和“元清非中国论”，是在“中国本部”一词被翻译成中文后，影响了一些中国人对自身的认定而得出的结论，受影响者包括清末革命党人的意识形态。相關觀點又認為，第二次世界大戰前，「元清非中國論」在具有學術與政治緊密結合特色的日本學術界中興起，當時有日本學者通過「清非支那」、「支那非國」及「滿蒙非支那」等理論，為日本大陆政策的實踐作鋪墊，並且為1930年代日本侵華提供倫理上的根據和政治理由，又認為中國人認同元清為正統，故中國人一樣會接受日本的統治。同時亦有部分日本學者如史学家宫崎市定和内藤湖南並未對「元清」是中国做出具體的否认，但在日本侵华战争期间則分别提出了「解毒论」和「输血论」，以正當化日军侵华的行為。當時中國史學界為了維護傳統史學體系及國家利益，對日方的相關理論作出駁斥。 現代諸如西藏流亡政府、部分漢民族主義者及日本右翼史家等則採用該理論；另一方面，被中國某些學者指責宣傳清非中國論的美國新清史派學者則試圖向其批評者澄清其學術理論並無支持元清非中國論，與二戰前主張滿蒙非中國論的具有政治陰謀的日本學者似有不同。 (zh)
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- Qing dynasty (en)
- Yuan dynasty (en)
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- The maximum territorial extent of the Yuan dynasty and the Qing dynasty . (en)
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- Qing China 1820.png (en)
- Yuan Dynasty 1294.png (en)
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- Theory on the non-Chineseness of the Yuan and Qing (en)
- Theory on the non-Chineseness of the Manchus and Mongols (en)
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- Mǎn Měng fēi Zhōngguó lùn (en)
- Yuán Qīng fēi Zhōngguó lùn (en)
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- Theory on the non-Chineseness of the Yuan and Qing dynasties (en)
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- The debate on the "Chineseness" of Yuan and Qing dynasties is concerned with whether the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) and the Manchu-led Qing dynasty (1636–1912) can be considered "Chinese dynasties", and whether they were representative of "China" during the respective historical periods. The debate, albeit historiographical in nature, has political implications. Mainstream academia and successive governments of China, including the imperial governments of the Yuan and Qing dynasties, have maintained the view that they were "Chinese" and representative of "China". In short, the cause of the controversy stems from the dispute in interpreting the relationship between the two concepts "Han Chinese" and "China", because although the Chinese government recognizes 56 ethnic groups in Chi (en)
- 元清非中國論，或稱滿蒙非中國論，是一種有關中國朝代的歷史觀點，該觀點的支持者認為在中國歷史中非起源於中原地區且不是由漢族統治的元朝和清朝不屬於中國王朝，認為元清是中國的亡國時期，且當時中國是蒙元和滿清的殖民地，又認為元清擴張的疆域非中國領土。 晚清時期，部分日本學者為了解釋「中國」疆域而翻譯源自西方的詞語中國本部（英語：China Proper）。有观点认为“满蒙不属于中国论”和“元清非中国论”，是在“中国本部”一词被翻译成中文后，影响了一些中国人对自身的认定而得出的结论，受影响者包括清末革命党人的意识形态。相關觀點又認為，第二次世界大戰前，「元清非中國論」在具有學術與政治緊密結合特色的日本學術界中興起，當時有日本學者通過「清非支那」、「支那非國」及「滿蒙非支那」等理論，為日本大陆政策的實踐作鋪墊，並且為1930年代日本侵華提供倫理上的根據和政治理由，又認為中國人認同元清為正統，故中國人一樣會接受日本的統治。同時亦有部分日本學者如史学家宫崎市定和内藤湖南並未對「元清」是中国做出具體的否认，但在日本侵华战争期间則分别提出了「解毒论」和「输血论」，以正當化日军侵华的行為。當時中國史學界為了維護傳統史學體系及國家利益，對日方的相關理論作出駁斥。 (zh)
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- Debate on the Chineseness of Yuan and Qing dynasties (en)
- 元清非中國論 (zh)
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