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- The closed circle of suspects is a common element of detective fiction, and the subgenre that employs it can be referred to as the closed circle mystery. Less precisely, this subgenre – works with the closed circle literary device – is simply known as the "classic", "traditional" or "cozy" detective fiction. It refers to a situation in which for a given crime (usually a murder), there is a quickly established, limited number of suspects, each with credible means, motive, and opportunity. In other words, it is known that the criminal (murderer) is one of the people present at or nearby the scene, and the crime could not have been committed by some outsider. The detective has to solve the crime, figuring out the criminal from this pool (circle) of suspects, rather than searching for a totally unknown perpetrator. This type of narrative originated with the British detective fiction. Agatha Christie's The Mysterious Affair at Styles (1920) has been credited as a work that started this trend. Other writers of that period, dating to the first half of the 20th century, a time known as the Golden Age of Detective Fiction (or more general, mystery fiction), reliant on the closed circle and related literary devices include Dorothy L. Sayers, G. K. Chesterton, Margery Allingham, Ngaio Marsh and Americans S. S. Van Dine and Ellery Queen. Those early closed circle mysteries preferred a common setting: a British country house. The country house was such a common element that it gave another name to what is essentially the same genre and the literary device, the "country house mystery". The persons involved were also commonly part of the upper class, generally the landed gentry. Other settings than the country house are also possible, and many have been used in the closed circle mysteries even by Christie herself: a ship, a train, an island, and so on. Nonetheless, the requirements for this mystery enforce certain limitations on this genre, and make certain settings, particularly those that explain limited access outsiders would have, and characters with an upper class background – much more common than the others. The numbers of suspects vary, from a group as small as four or five, to all the passengers of a train, coach or wagon. After Second World War the closed circle mystery became less common, as other types of crime novels rose to prominence. Nonetheless other writers have continued to use this device till modern days, for example Rex Stout, Lucille Kallen, Cyril Hare, Jonathan Gash, Simon Brett. While the closed circle is a common device in literary fiction, it is a much less common occurrence in real world investigations. (en)
- クローズド・サークル（closed circle）とは、ミステリ用語としては、何らかの事情で外界との往来が断たれた状況、あるいはそうした状況下でおこる事件を扱った作品を指す。 過去の代表例から、「嵐の孤島もの」「吹雪の山荘もの」「陸の孤島もの」「客船もの」「列車もの」などの様に分類されることもある。 クローズド・サークルは密室の一種とされることも多いが、密室と非密室の境界を問題とする不可能犯罪ではなく、ドラマを室内に限定する密室劇である。 (ja)
- 暴风雪山庄（英語：The snowstorm villa model）又称暴风雨山庄、孤岛模式，是推理小說和悬疑题材影视作品的一种舞台设定模式，由英国女作家阿加莎·克里斯蒂的小说《无人生还》首创。是指若干人（一般为5至15人，个别作品可能仅有两三人）聚集在一个相对封闭的空间内，由于特殊情况而无法与外界取得联络，所有人都暂时无法离开这个环境。而与此同时，这些人之中的若干人先后遭到杀害，而凶手就在这些人中间或者隐藏在这个封闭空间的某个角落，主角就在这样的情形下进行有限度的搜查和推理。 (zh)
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- クローズド・サークル（closed circle）とは、ミステリ用語としては、何らかの事情で外界との往来が断たれた状況、あるいはそうした状況下でおこる事件を扱った作品を指す。 過去の代表例から、「嵐の孤島もの」「吹雪の山荘もの」「陸の孤島もの」「客船もの」「列車もの」などの様に分類されることもある。 クローズド・サークルは密室の一種とされることも多いが、密室と非密室の境界を問題とする不可能犯罪ではなく、ドラマを室内に限定する密室劇である。 (ja)
- 暴风雪山庄（英語：The snowstorm villa model）又称暴风雨山庄、孤岛模式，是推理小說和悬疑题材影视作品的一种舞台设定模式，由英国女作家阿加莎·克里斯蒂的小说《无人生还》首创。是指若干人（一般为5至15人，个别作品可能仅有两三人）聚集在一个相对封闭的空间内，由于特殊情况而无法与外界取得联络，所有人都暂时无法离开这个环境。而与此同时，这些人之中的若干人先后遭到杀害，而凶手就在这些人中间或者隐藏在这个封闭空间的某个角落，主角就在这样的情形下进行有限度的搜查和推理。 (zh)
- The closed circle of suspects is a common element of detective fiction, and the subgenre that employs it can be referred to as the closed circle mystery. Less precisely, this subgenre – works with the closed circle literary device – is simply known as the "classic", "traditional" or "cozy" detective fiction. After Second World War the closed circle mystery became less common, as other types of crime novels rose to prominence. Nonetheless other writers have continued to use this device till modern days, for example Rex Stout, Lucille Kallen, Cyril Hare, Jonathan Gash, Simon Brett. (en)
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