| dbo:abstract
|
- The island of Bali has a system of social organization similar to the Indian caste system. The four castes of Bali are:
* Sudras (Shudras) – peasants making up close to 93% of Bali’s population.
* Wesias (Vaishyas) – the caste of merchants and administrative officials
* Satrias (Kshatriyas) – the warriors caste, it also included some nobility and kings
* Brahmanas (Brahmins) – the priests caste Pre-modern Bali had four castes, as Jeff Lewis and Belinda Lewis state, but with a "very strong tradition of communal decision-making and interdependence". The 19th-century scholars such as Crawfurd and Friederich suggested that the Balinese caste system had Indian origins, but Helen Creese states that scholars such as Brumund who had visited and stayed on the island of Bali suggested that his field observations conflicted with the "received understandings concerning its Indian origins". In Bali, the Shudra (locally spelled Soedra) have typically been the temple priests, though depending on the demographics, a temple priest may also be from the other three castes. In most regions, it has been the Shudra who typically make offerings to the gods on behalf of the Hindu devotees, chant prayers, recite meweda (Vedas), and set the course of Balinese temple festivals. The members of the four castes use different levels of the Balinese language to address members of a different caste. Middle Balinese is generally used to speak to people whose caste is unknown in an encounter. Once the caste status of the participants are established, the proper language is used to address each other. Nowadays, the caste system is used more in religious settings where the members of the lower caste would ask the members of the Brahman caste (the Pedandas) to conduct ceremonies. Since the Dutch colonial years and more recently after the Indonesian independence, the differences in the economic roles of the members of the caste system are slowly eroding as the government prohibits treatments based on the caste system. Most of the Kshatriya families in Java and Bali became extinct during the fall of the Majapahit and the numerous Javanese wars. Almost all of the Balinese Kshatriyas trace their origin to the royal family of King Deva Agung, who ruled 500 years before. Some of the original Kshatriyas, such as those claiming descent from Arya Damar, were relegated to Wesia status, so only those claiming descent from Deva Agung are recognized as proper Kshatriya in Bali. During the 1950s and 1960s, there were conflicts between supporters of the traditional caste system in Bali and its opponents. Many of the latter were affiliated with the PKI, the Communist Party of Indonesia, which was violently suppressed during the Indonesian killings of 1965–1966, leading to the death of some 80,000 Balinese, around 5% of the population at the time. (en)
- Le système de castes balinais est un système de titres qui indique le statut de l'individu, ou plutôt de sa famille, dans une hiérarchie honorifique déterminée par des généalogies souvent mythologiques. (fr)
- 峇里種姓制与印度种姓制度差不多。但与印度不同的是峇里島只有四个种姓没有次种姓。在峇里島人口最多的是首陀罗有93%。 四個種姓分别為:
* 婆羅門 -聖人和祭司，老師
* 剎帝利-包括一些貴族和國王
* 吠舍-商人和行政官員的種姓
* 首陀罗- 農民 四个種姓也说峇里语但字眼上有不同以辨别种姓。多数刹帝利也是爪哇人满者伯夷王國的后裔。峇里種姓制不同於印度的瓦爾納，他們可互相交換身分。 这制度维持到1960年代，支持与反对(印尼共产黨)种姓制的人衝突，引起印尼九·三〇事件。 (zh)
|
