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- The Baconian theory of Shakespeare authorship holds that Sir Francis Bacon, philosopher, essayist and scientist, wrote the plays which were publicly attributed to William Shakespeare. Various explanations are offered for this alleged subterfuge, most commonly that Bacon's rise to high office might have been hindered were it to become known that he wrote plays for the public stage. Thus the plays were credited to Shakespeare, who was merely a front to shield the identity of Bacon. The question of the true authorship of Shakespeare's plays began when the play Richard II was performed in 1600 with some scenes included that were not in the printed 1598 edition (those scenes were included in the 1608 edition). Robert Cecil, the Lord Privy Seal for Queen Elizabeth, and Queen Elizabeth herself, adjudged those scenes to be seditious and set out to discover the true identity. Ben Jonson and Christopher Marlowe were suspected. There is a story, probably apocryphal, that William Shakespeare was spirited out of England to Scotland or perhaps Germany to avoid prosecution for the sedition that Cecil saw in Richard II and Henry IV, Part 1. Cecil and Elizabeth also objected to John Hayward's The First Part of the Life and Raigne of King Henrie IIII - which he dedicated to the Earl of Essex, who was later executed for treason. Even though Cecil had given Bacon the task of finding the true author, Bacon was later the first serious alternative candidate suggested as the author of Shakespeare's plays. The theory was first put forth in the mid-nineteenth century, based on perceived correspondences between the philosophical ideas found in Bacon’s writings and the works of Shakespeare. Later, proponents claimed to have found legal and autobiographical allusions and cryptographic ciphers and codes in the plays and poems to buttress the theory. All academic Shakespeare scholars but a few reject the arguments for Baconian authorship, as well as those for all other alternative authors. The Baconian theory gained great popularity and attention in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, although since the mid-twentieth century the primacy of his candidacy as author of the Shakespeare canon has been supplanted by that of Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford. Despite the academic consensus that Shakespeare wrote the works bearing his name and the decline of the theory, supporters of Bacon continue to argue for his candidacy through organizations, books, newsletters, and websites. (en)
- La teoría baconiana de la autoría shakespeareana sostiene que sir Francis Bacon escribió las piezas teatrales convencionalmente atribuidas a William Shakespeare. La opinión más extendida es que William Shakspeare de Stratford, un actor de la compañía de teatro Lord Chamberlain's Men (más tarde, King's Men), escribió los poemas y piezas teatrales que llevan su nombre; sin embargo, los baconianos sostienen que los académicos están tan centrados en los detalles de la vida de Shakespeare que han descuidado la investigación de muchos hechos que, ellos consideran, relacionan a Bacon con la obra shakespeareana. En una conferencia en Johannesburgo en 1895, Harry Stratford Caldecott declaró que Es absolutamente cierto que la gran masa de opinión crítica inglesa se niega a reconocer o admitir el hecho de que exista alguna duda o controversia sobre el asunto. Si lo hicieran, se encontrarían frente a frente con un problema que serían totalmente incapaces de determinar en armonía con las ideas preconcebidas. En consecuencia, sus intentos por ignorar o desdeñar cualquier indicio de duda en cuanto a la autoría de estas obras inmortales, como si fuera un feo espectro o una pesadilla terrible. No obstante, es una dificultad perfectamente tangible, de carne y hueso, que tarde o temprano deberá afrontarse y lidiar de una manera valiente y directa. El primer objetivo de los baconianos consiste en establecer una duda razonable sobre los reclamos de autoría del hombre de Stratford y, luego, después de haber justificado la necesidad de examinar un candidato alternativo, citar las múltiples conexiones posibles entre sir Francis Bacon y la obra shakespeareana. La principal evidencia baconiana se encuentra en la presentación de un motivo para ocultar las circunstancias que rodean la primera representación conocida de La comedia de las equivocaciones, la cercana proximidad de Bacon a la carta de sobre la que muchos académicos creen que se basó La tempestad, alusiones percibidas en la obra publicada de Bacon y entradas en el Promus (su borrador privado), el interés de Bacon las historias civiles y las alusiones autobiográficas ostensibles en las piezas teatrales. Dado que Bacon tenía conocimiento de primera mano de los métodos gubernamentales de cifrado, la mayoría de los baconianos consideran factible que dejara su firma en algún lugar en la obra shakespeareana. (es)
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- The Baconian theory of Shakespeare authorship holds that Sir Francis Bacon, philosopher, essayist and scientist, wrote the plays which were publicly attributed to William Shakespeare. Various explanations are offered for this alleged subterfuge, most commonly that Bacon's rise to high office might have been hindered were it to become known that he wrote plays for the public stage. Thus the plays were credited to Shakespeare, who was merely a front to shield the identity of Bacon. (en)
- La teoría baconiana de la autoría shakespeareana sostiene que sir Francis Bacon escribió las piezas teatrales convencionalmente atribuidas a William Shakespeare. La opinión más extendida es que William Shakspeare de Stratford, un actor de la compañía de teatro Lord Chamberlain's Men (más tarde, King's Men), escribió los poemas y piezas teatrales que llevan su nombre; sin embargo, los baconianos sostienen que los académicos están tan centrados en los detalles de la vida de Shakespeare que han descuidado la investigación de muchos hechos que, ellos consideran, relacionan a Bacon con la obra shakespeareana. En una conferencia en Johannesburgo en 1895, Harry Stratford Caldecott declaró que (es)
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