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Environment Mapping Reflection mapping Reflection mapping 環境マッピング 反射贴图
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Environment Mapping oder auch Reflection Mapping ist eine effiziente Methode, um in der (3D-)Computergrafik spiegelnde Oberflächen zu simulieren und zu rendern. Dabei wird die Umgebung des spiegelnden Objekts als Textur gespeichert und auf die Oberfläche des Objekts abgebildet (mapping). Die am häufigsten gebrauchten Arten, um die umgebende Textur zu speichern, sind das sphärische und das kubische Environment Mapping. Bei ersterem wird die Textur, die die Umgebung darstellt, auf das Innere einer Kugel abgebildet, während bei zweiterem die Umgebung auf die sechs Seiten eines Würfels „aufgefaltet“ wird.Der Vorteil von Environment Mapping gegenüber Raytracing ist die einfachere und damit schnellere Berechnung der simulierten Reflexionen. Der große Nachteil dieser Technik ist, dass die zu spie 環境マッピング（かんきょうマッピング、英: environment mapping）とは、3次元コンピュータグラフィックスにおけるテクスチャマッピングの手法の1つで、3次元形状の表面に擬似的な周囲環境の映り込みを再現する手法である。レイトレーシング法を使わずとも、ローカルイルミネーション計算のみで擬似的な鏡面反射や金属光沢、屈折表現ができる点が特徴である。 主に環境マッピングには反射マッピング（英: reflection mapping）と屈折マッピング（英: refraction mapping）があるが、単に環境マッピングと言った場合、多くの場面で反射マッピングのことを指す。なお、この項で言及する反射マッピングとは、反射率のテクスチャマッピングとは異なることに留意されたい。 環境マッピングは1970年代にジム・ブリンとによって考案された。 反射映射（Reflection mapping）在计算机图形学领域是用预先计算的纹理图像模拟复杂镜面的一种高效方法。纹理用来储存被渲染物体周围环境的图像。有几种不同的方法可以用来保存周围环境，其中最常用的方法之一是标准环境映射，在这种方法中周围环境在一个镜面球体上反射得到单一纹理图像。另外一种常用方法是立方环境映射，在这种方法中环境在立方体的六个表面上显现出来，所以需要保存为六个正方形的纹理。 这种实现方法比传统的光线跟踪（光线跟踪通过射出一束光线并且跟踪光线的传输路径来计算反射）算法效率更高，但是需要注意的是这种方法是实际反射的一种近似，有时甚至是非常粗糙的近似。这种技术的一个典型的缺点是没有考虑自反射，即无法看到物体反射的物体自身的某一部分。 In computer graphics, environment mapping, or reflection mapping, is an efficient image-based lighting technique for approximating the appearance of a reflective surface by means of a precomputed texture. The texture is used to store the image of the distant environment surrounding the rendered object. However, in most circumstances a mapped reflection is only an approximation of the real reflection. Environment mapping relies on two assumptions that are seldom satisfied:
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反射映射（Reflection mapping）在计算机图形学领域是用预先计算的纹理图像模拟复杂镜面的一种高效方法。纹理用来储存被渲染物体周围环境的图像。有几种不同的方法可以用来保存周围环境，其中最常用的方法之一是标准环境映射，在这种方法中周围环境在一个镜面球体上反射得到单一纹理图像。另外一种常用方法是立方环境映射，在这种方法中环境在立方体的六个表面上显现出来，所以需要保存为六个正方形的纹理。 这种实现方法比传统的光线跟踪（光线跟踪通过射出一束光线并且跟踪光线的传输路径来计算反射）算法效率更高，但是需要注意的是这种方法是实际反射的一种近似，有时甚至是非常粗糙的近似。这种技术的一个典型的缺点是没有考虑自反射，即无法看到物体反射的物体自身的某一部分。 Environment Mapping oder auch Reflection Mapping ist eine effiziente Methode, um in der (3D-)Computergrafik spiegelnde Oberflächen zu simulieren und zu rendern. Dabei wird die Umgebung des spiegelnden Objekts als Textur gespeichert und auf die Oberfläche des Objekts abgebildet (mapping). Die am häufigsten gebrauchten Arten, um die umgebende Textur zu speichern, sind das sphärische und das kubische Environment Mapping. Bei ersterem wird die Textur, die die Umgebung darstellt, auf das Innere einer Kugel abgebildet, während bei zweiterem die Umgebung auf die sechs Seiten eines Würfels „aufgefaltet“ wird.Der Vorteil von Environment Mapping gegenüber Raytracing ist die einfachere und damit schnellere Berechnung der simulierten Reflexionen. Der große Nachteil dieser Technik ist, dass die zu spiegelnde Umgebung bereits vor dem Rendern des Objekts bekannt sein muss und somit sich ändernde Umgebungen bzw. Selbstreflexionen nicht einfach umzusetzen sind. Environment Mapping kann auch angewendet werden, um transparente Volumen mit einem Brechungsindex darzustellen. In computer graphics, environment mapping, or reflection mapping, is an efficient image-based lighting technique for approximating the appearance of a reflective surface by means of a precomputed texture. The texture is used to store the image of the distant environment surrounding the rendered object. Several ways of storing the surrounding environment have been employed. The first technique was sphere mapping, in which a single texture contains the image of the surroundings as reflected on a spherical mirror. It has been almost entirely surpassed by cube mapping, in which the environment is projected onto the six faces of a cube and stored as six square textures or unfolded into six square regions of a single texture. Other projections that have some superior mathematical or computational properties include the paraboloid mapping, the pyramid mapping, the octahedron mapping, and the HEALPix mapping. Reflection mapping is one of several approaches to reflection rendering, alongside e.g. screen space reflections or ray tracing which computes the exact reflection by tracing a ray of light and following its optical path. The reflection color used in the shading computation at a pixel is determined by calculating the reflection vector at the point on the object and mapping it to the texel in the environment map. This technique often produces results that are superficially similar to those generated by raytracing, but is less computationally expensive since the radiance value of the reflection comes from calculating the angles of incidence and reflection, followed by a texture lookup, rather than followed by tracing a ray against the scene geometry and computing the radiance of the ray, simplifying the GPU workload. However, in most circumstances a mapped reflection is only an approximation of the real reflection. Environment mapping relies on two assumptions that are seldom satisfied: 1. * All radiance incident upon the object being shaded comes from an infinite distance. When this is not the case the reflection of nearby geometry appears in the wrong place on the reflected object. When this is the case, no parallax is seen in the reflection. 2. * The object being shaded is convex, such that it contains no self-interreflections. When this is not the case the object does not appear in the reflection; only the environment does. Environment mapping is generally the fastest method of rendering a reflective surface. To further increase the speed of rendering, the renderer may calculate the position of the reflected ray at each vertex. Then, the position is interpolated across polygons to which the vertex is attached. This eliminates the need for recalculating every pixel's reflection direction. If normal mapping is used, each polygon has many face normals (the direction a given point on a polygon is facing), which can be used in tandem with an environment map to produce a more realistic reflection. In this case, the angle of reflection at a given point on a polygon will take the normal map into consideration. This technique is used to make an otherwise flat surface appear textured, for example corrugated metal, or brushed aluminium. 環境マッピング（かんきょうマッピング、英: environment mapping）とは、3次元コンピュータグラフィックスにおけるテクスチャマッピングの手法の1つで、3次元形状の表面に擬似的な周囲環境の映り込みを再現する手法である。レイトレーシング法を使わずとも、ローカルイルミネーション計算のみで擬似的な鏡面反射や金属光沢、屈折表現ができる点が特徴である。 主に環境マッピングには反射マッピング（英: reflection mapping）と屈折マッピング（英: refraction mapping）があるが、単に環境マッピングと言った場合、多くの場面で反射マッピングのことを指す。なお、この項で言及する反射マッピングとは、反射率のテクスチャマッピングとは異なることに留意されたい。 環境マッピングは1970年代にジム・ブリンとによって考案された。
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