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Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era Segregacio en rekonstruo Segregación en la reconstrucción 後重建時期的剝奪投票權
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Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era in the United States, especially in the Southern United States, was based on a series of laws, new constitutions, and practices in the South that were deliberately used to prevent black citizens from registering to vote and voting. These measures were enacted by the former Confederate states at the turn of the 20th century. Efforts were made in Maryland, Kentucky, and Oklahoma. Their actions were designed to thwart the objective of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1870, which prohibited states from depriving voters of their voting rights on the basis of race. The laws were frequently written in ways to be ostensibly non-racial on paper (and thus not violate the Fifteenth Amendment), but were implemented in La Segregación en la reconstrucción es un proceso histórico desarrollado en los Estados Unidos en los siglos XIX y XX que involucra una acción por parte del poder político mayoritario con el objetivo de desplazar a las personas afrodescendientes de la estructura política democrática de dicho país con el supuesto objetivo de proteger el sufragio de la participación de los libertos luego de la guerra de secesión.​ La Senigo post la Rekonstruada Erao en Usono estis bazita sur serio de leĝoj, novaj konstitucioj kaj praktikoj en la Suda Usono, kiuj estis intence uzataj por malhelpi nigrajn civitanojn registriĝi por baloti kaj voĉdoni. Ĉi tiuj trudoj estis realigitaj de la iamaj konfederaciitaj ŝtatoj ĉe la fino de la 19-a jarcento, kaj de Oklahomo kiam ĝi akiris ŝtatanecon en 1907, kvankam ne de la antaŭaj landlimaj sklavismaj ŝtatoj. Iliaj agoj estis dezajnitaj por malhelpi la celon de la Dekkvina Amendo al la Usona Konstitucio, ratifita en 1870, kiu celis protekti la voĉdonrajton de liberuloj post la Usona Enlanda Milito. 美国重建时期后,美国特别是南方各州的剥夺选举权问题,是基于南方一系列法律、新宪法和惯例,这些法律、新宪法和惯例被蓄意用来阻止黑人公民登记投票和选举。这些措施是前联邦各州在20世纪初颁布的。马里兰州、肯塔基州和俄克拉荷马州都采取了这些措施。他们的行动旨在阻挠1870年批准的《美国宪法第十五修正案》的目标,该修正案旨在保护美国内战后自由民的选举权。 在重建时代后期的选举中,从19世纪70年代开始,白人民主党人利用准军事团体(如三K党)的暴力以及欺诈行为,打压共和党的黑人选民,使共和党人下台。在重新控制州议会后,民主党人对19世纪末共和党人和民粹主义者之间的联盟感到震惊,使他们失去了一些选举。在取得对州议会的控制权后,白人民主党人在之前的努力基础上再接再厉,通过法律实现了广泛的剥夺公民权:从1890年到1908年,南方各州议会通过了新宪法、宪法修正案和法律,增加了选民登记和投票的难度,特别是当白人工作人员以歧视性的方式管理选民时。他们成功地剥夺了南方大部分黑人公民以及许多贫穷白人的选举权,各州的选民人数急剧下降。共和党在该地区几乎被消灭了几十年,民主党在整个南方各州建立了一党控制。
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La Segregación en la reconstrucción es un proceso histórico desarrollado en los Estados Unidos en los siglos XIX y XX que involucra una acción por parte del poder político mayoritario con el objetivo de desplazar a las personas afrodescendientes de la estructura política democrática de dicho país con el supuesto objetivo de proteger el sufragio de la participación de los libertos luego de la guerra de secesión.​ Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era in the United States, especially in the Southern United States, was based on a series of laws, new constitutions, and practices in the South that were deliberately used to prevent black citizens from registering to vote and voting. These measures were enacted by the former Confederate states at the turn of the 20th century. Efforts were made in Maryland, Kentucky, and Oklahoma. Their actions were designed to thwart the objective of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1870, which prohibited states from depriving voters of their voting rights on the basis of race. The laws were frequently written in ways to be ostensibly non-racial on paper (and thus not violate the Fifteenth Amendment), but were implemented in ways that purposely suppressed black voters. Beginning in the 1870s, white racists used violence by domestic terrorism groups (such as the Ku Klux Klan), as well as fraud, to suppress black voters. After regaining control of the state legislatures, Southern Democrats were alarmed by a late 19th-century alliance between Republicans and Populists that cost them some elections. After achieving control of state legislatures, white bigots added to previous efforts and achieved widespread disfranchisement by law: from 1890 to 1908, Southern state legislatures passed new constitutions, constitutional amendments, and laws that made voter registration and voting more difficult, especially when administered by white staff in a discriminatory way. They succeeded in disenfranchising most of the black citizens, as well as many poor whites in the South, and voter rolls dropped dramatically in each state. The Republican Party was nearly eliminated in the region for decades, and the Southern Democrats established one-party control throughout the Southern United States. In 1912, the Republican Party was split when Theodore Roosevelt ran against William Howard Taft, the party nominee. In the South by this time, the Republican Party had been hollowed out by the disfranchisement of African Americans, who were mostly excluded from voting. Democrat Woodrow Wilson was elected as the first southern President since 1856. He was re-elected in 1916, in a much closer presidential contest. During his first term, Wilson satisfied the request of Southerners in his cabinet and instituted overt racial segregation throughout federal government workplaces, as well as racial discrimination in hiring. During World War I, American military forces were segregated, with black soldiers poorly trained and equipped. Disfranchisement had far-reaching effects in the United States Congress, where the Democratic Solid South enjoyed "about 25 extra seats in Congress for each decade between 1903 and 1953". Also, the Democratic dominance in the South meant that southern senators and representatives became entrenched in Congress. They favored seniority privileges in Congress, which became the standard by 1920, and Southerners controlled chairmanships of important committees, as well as the leadership of the national Democratic Party. During the Great Depression, legislation establishing numerous national social programs were passed without the representation of African Americans, leading to gaps in program coverage and discrimination against them in operations. In addition, because black Southerners were not listed on local voter rolls, they were automatically excluded from serving in local courts. Juries were all white across the South. Political disfranchisement did not end until after the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which authorized the federal government to monitor voter registration practices and elections where populations were historically underrepresented and to enforce constitutional voting rights. The challenge to voting rights has continued into the 21st century, as shown by numerous court cases in 2016 alone, though attempts to restrict voting rights for political advantage have not been confined to the Southern United States. Another method of seeking political advantage through the voting system is the gerrymandering of electoral boundaries, as was the case of North Carolina, which in January 2018 was declared by a federal court to be unconstitutional. Such cases are expected to reach the Supreme Court of the United States. 美国重建时期后,美国特别是南方各州的剥夺选举权问题,是基于南方一系列法律、新宪法和惯例,这些法律、新宪法和惯例被蓄意用来阻止黑人公民登记投票和选举。这些措施是前联邦各州在20世纪初颁布的。马里兰州、肯塔基州和俄克拉荷马州都采取了这些措施。他们的行动旨在阻挠1870年批准的《美国宪法第十五修正案》的目标,该修正案旨在保护美国内战后自由民的选举权。 在重建时代后期的选举中,从19世纪70年代开始,白人民主党人利用准军事团体(如三K党)的暴力以及欺诈行为,打压共和党的黑人选民,使共和党人下台。在重新控制州议会后,民主党人对19世纪末共和党人和民粹主义者之间的联盟感到震惊,使他们失去了一些选举。在取得对州议会的控制权后,白人民主党人在之前的努力基础上再接再厉,通过法律实现了广泛的剥夺公民权:从1890年到1908年,南方各州议会通过了新宪法、宪法修正案和法律,增加了选民登记和投票的难度,特别是当白人工作人员以歧视性的方式管理选民时。他们成功地剥夺了南方大部分黑人公民以及许多贫穷白人的选举权,各州的选民人数急剧下降。共和党在该地区几乎被消灭了几十年,民主党在整个南方各州建立了一党控制。 1912年,罗斯福与党内提名人塔夫脱竞选,共和党出现分裂。这时的南方,共和党已经因剥夺非裔美国人的选举权而被架空,非裔美国人基本上被排除在选举之外。民主党人伍德罗-威尔逊当选为1856年以来第一位南方总统。1916年,他在一场更为激烈的总统竞选中再次当选。在第一个任期内,威尔逊满足了内阁中南方人的要求,在整个联邦政府的工作场所实行公开的种族隔离,并在招聘中实行种族歧视。第一次世界大战期间,美国军队实行种族隔离,黑人士兵的训练和装备都很差。 剥夺公民权在国会产生了深远的影响,民主党稳固的南方享有 "1903年至1953年期间,每十年在国会多出约25个席位".另外,民主党在南方的优势意味着南方的参议员和众议员在国会中变得根深蒂固。他们偏爱国会中的资历特权,这在1920年成为标准,南方人控制了重要委员会的主席职位,以及全国民主党的领导权在大萧条期间,建立许多全国性社会计划的立法在没有非洲裔美国人代表的情况下获得通过,导致计划覆盖面的差距和在操作上对他们的歧视。此外,由于南方黑人没有被列入当地选民名册,他们自动被排除在当地法院服务之外。在整个南方,陪审团都是白人。 直到1965年《选举权法》通过后,政治上的剥夺选举权的现象才结束,该法授权联邦政府监督选民登记做法和历史上人口代表不足的选举,并执行宪法规定的选举权。进入21世纪以来,对投票权的挑战仍在继续,仅2016年的众多法院案件就表明了这一点,不过为了政治优势而限制投票权的企图并不限于南方各州。另一种通过投票制度谋求政治优势的方法是划分选区,如北卡罗来纳州的选区划分,2018年1月联邦法院宣布该选区划分违宪,这类案件有望进入美国最高法院。 La Senigo post la Rekonstruada Erao en Usono estis bazita sur serio de leĝoj, novaj konstitucioj kaj praktikoj en la Suda Usono, kiuj estis intence uzataj por malhelpi nigrajn civitanojn registriĝi por baloti kaj voĉdoni. Ĉi tiuj trudoj estis realigitaj de la iamaj konfederaciitaj ŝtatoj ĉe la fino de la 19-a jarcento, kaj de Oklahomo kiam ĝi akiris ŝtatanecon en 1907, kvankam ne de la antaŭaj landlimaj sklavismaj ŝtatoj. Iliaj agoj estis dezajnitaj por malhelpi la celon de la Dekkvina Amendo al la Usona Konstitucio, ratifita en 1870, kiu celis protekti la voĉdonrajton de liberuloj post la Usona Enlanda Milito. Dum la postaj elektoj de Rekonstruada epoko, komenciĝantaj en la 1870-aj jaroj, blankaj demokratoj uzis perforton de paramilitaj grupoj, kaj ankaŭ fraŭdon, por subpremi nigrajn respublikanajn balotantojn kaj forigi respublikanojn. Post reakirado de la regado de la ŝtataj leĝdonaj periodoj, demokratoj maltrankviliĝis de malfrua 19-a jarcento pri alianco inter respublikanoj kaj popoluloj, kiu kostis al ili kelkajn elektojn. Post atingado de kontrolo de ŝtataj leĝdonaj periodoj, blankaj demokratoj aldonis al antaŭaj klopodoj kaj atingis plimultan malpermesitan leĝon per leĝo: de 1890 ĝis 1908, sudŝtataj leĝdonadoj sukcesis aprobi novajn konstituciojn, konstituciajn amendojn, kaj leĝojn pli malfacilajn pri registriĝo kaj voĉdonado, precipe kiam administrite de blanka personaro diskriminacie. Ili sukcesis senigi la rajton diskonigi la plej multajn nigrajn civitanojn, same kiel multajn malriĉajn blankulojn en la Sudo, kaj voĉdonantoj falis draste en ĉiu ŝtato. La Respublikana Partio estis preskaŭ eliminita en la regiono dum jardekoj, kaj la demokratoj establis unu-partian kontrolon tra la sudaj ŝtatoj.
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