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Manuscrito de Bajshali مخطوطة بخشالي Манускрипт Бакхшали Manuskrip Bakhshali バクシャーリー写本 巴赫沙利手稿 Bakhshali manuscript Manuscrit de Bakhshali Manuscrito Bakhshali Manuscrit Bakhshali Bakhshali-Manuskript Manoscritto di Bakhshali
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Манускрипт Бакхшали — древний индийский математический текст, написанный на бересте, который был найден в 1881 году в деревне , округ Мардан (в настоящее время — Пакистан, недалеко от Пешавара). По оценкам ряда экспертов, «самая старая существующая рукопись в индийской математике». Методом радиоуглеродного анализа часть манускрипта была датирована 224—383, а другая часть — 885—893 годами нашей эры в исследовании, которое было подвергнуто серьёзной критике (Плофкер и др., 2017 г. и Houben, 2018, § 3). Манускрипт содержит самое раннее известное в Индии использование символа нуля, написан на санскрите со значительным влиянием местных диалектов. 巴赫沙利手稿是一份写在上的数学文本，1881年在英属印度的巴赫沙利村（今巴基斯坦马尔丹附近）被发现，现存于牛津大学博德利图书馆。它被认为是“现存最古老的印度数学”，部分可追溯至公元224-383年。牛津大学的研究小组将最右边的黑点标识作为迄今最古老的“零”符号。 The Bakhshali manuscript is an ancient mathematical text written on birch bark that was found in 1881 in the village of Bakhshali, Mardan (near Peshawar in present-day Pakistan, historical Gandhara). It is perhaps "the oldest extant manuscript in Indian mathematics." For some portions a carbon-date was proposed of AD 224–383 while for other portions a carbon-date as late as AD 885–993 in a recent study, but the dating has been criticised by specialists on methodological grounds (Plofker et al. 2017 and Houben 2018 §3). The manuscript contains the earliest known Indian use of a zero symbol. It is written in a form of literary Sanskrit influenced by contemporary dialects. مخطوطة بخشالي هي مخطوطة رياضية هندية تضم أكثر من 70 ورقة صُنعت من ، تكمن أهميتها لكونها أقدم مخطوطة موجودة في الرياضيات الهندية. عٌثر عليها بالقرب من قرية بخشالي (بالقرب من بيشاور في باكستان) في 1881 م، وهي محفوظة منذ 1902 م في المكتبة البودلية في أكسفرد. قيل أن المخطوطة تمثل أول استخدام لرمز الصفر وتكتب على شكل نقطة سوداء. Le manuscrit de Bakhshali est un recueil de textes mathématiques trouvé en 1881 près du village de (en) au Pakistan, à 80 km au nord-est de Peshawar. Écrit sur de l'écorce de bouleau, c'est le plus ancien document montrant l'utilisation du zéro et il est considéré comme le plus ancien manuscrit traitant des mathématiques indiennes. Il est conservé depuis 1902 à la bibliothèque Bodléienne à Oxford. El Manuscrito de Bajshali es un antiguo texto matemático indio escrito en corteza de abedul que se encontró en 1881 en la aldea de , (cerca de Peshawar en el actual Pakistán). Es quizás 'el manuscrito más antiguo existente en matemática india.​ Para algunas partes analizadas se propuso una datación por radiocarbono de entre los años 224 y 383, mientras que para otras partes se obtenía una datacién de entre el 885 y 993 en un estudio reciente, aunque ha sido criticada por especialistas por motivos metodológicos (Plofker et al., 2017​ y Houben, 2018​). Das Bakhshali-Manuskript ist ein Manuskript mit einer Sammlung mathematischer Schriften, die auf Birkenrinde geschrieben wurden. Es wurde 1881 nahe dem namensgebenden Dorf Bakhshali (heute in Pakistan, 80 km nordöstlich von Peschawar) gefunden. Heute befindet es sich in der Bodleian Library in Oxford. Die Datierung des Manuskriptes wird kontrovers diskutiert. Sicher ist, dass es sich um das älteste erhaltene mathematische Manuskript Indiens handelt. Möglicherweise findet sich in dem Bakhshali-Manuskript auch der älteste materielle Beleg für die Verwendung der Null (hier durch einen Punkt dargestellt) im indischen Raum. O Manuscrito Bakhshali é um manuscrito matemático escrito em , que foi encontrado em 1881 perto da aldeia de Bakhshali na província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa do Paquistão. É notável por ser "o mais antigo manuscrito sobrevivente em matemática indiana". Uma nova pesquisa de datação por carbono revelou que o Manuscrito Bakhshali é do século III ou IV, aproximadamente quinhentos anos mais antigo do que os cientistas acreditavam, o que faz dele a primeira origem registrada no subcontinente indiano para o símbolo zero. El Manuscrit Bakhshali és un manuscrit matemàtic escrit sobre escorça de bedoll. Es va trobar el 1881 a prop de la localitat de en el que llavors era el Provínciafronterera del Nord-Oest de l'Índia britànica (en l'actualitat Pakistan). Hi manca la major part del manuscrit, només han quedat setanta fulles d'escorça de bedoll Ningú sap quants anys té i diferent estudiosos han arribat a diferents dates. La majoria d'ells coincideixen que el manuscrit és una còpia d'una informació existent d'un text més antic. Manuskrip Bakhshali adalah sebuah manuskrip ditulis pada yang ditemukan dekat desa (dekat Mardan di Pakistan saat ini) pada tahun 1881. Manuskrip ini terkenal karena menjadi "manuskrip tertua yang ada dalam matematika India." Beberapa bagian dari manuskrip tersebut berasal dari tahun 224–383 M. Manuskrip ini merupakan bukti tertua penggunaan simbol nol di India. バクシャーリー写本（バクシャーリーしゃほん）は、今のパキスタンの（Bakhshali）付近で発見された文献。西暦4世紀から5世紀頃に書かれたとされる。サンスクリット語のシャーラダー文字で書かれており、古代インドのヴェーダ時代と古典期をつなぐ数学の貴重な文献として知られている。 Il manoscritto di Bakhshali è un manoscritto di matematica, scritto su corteccia di betulla, trovato nei pressi del villaggio di (vicino Mardan nell'attuale Pakistan) nel 1881. Esso è importante in quanto "il più antico manoscritto di matematica dell'India." Alcuni dati risalgono al 224-383 ed è la prima evidenza nota dell'uso del simbolo zero in India.
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Sanskrit with influence from local dialects
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Too fragile to be handled
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Plofker et al.
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One of the Bakhshali manuscripts.
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AD 224–383/ 885–993
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1881
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Seventy leaves
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Bodleian Library, University of Oxford
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Birch bark
dbp:text
We express regret that the Bodleian Library kept their carbon-dating findings embargoed for many months, and then chose a newspaper press-release and YouTube as media for a first communication of these technical and historical matters. The Library thus bypassed standard academic channels that would have permitted serious collegial discussion and peer review prior to public announcements. While the excitement inspired by intriguing discoveries benefits our field and scholarly research in general, the confusion generated by broadcasting over-eager and carelessly inferred conclusions, with their inevitable aftermath of caveats and disputes, does not.
dbp:title
The Bakhshālī Manuscript: A Response to the Bodleian Library’s Radiocarbon Dating, 2017
dbp:type
Mathematical text
dbo:abstract
The Bakhshali manuscript is an ancient mathematical text written on birch bark that was found in 1881 in the village of Bakhshali, Mardan (near Peshawar in present-day Pakistan, historical Gandhara). It is perhaps "the oldest extant manuscript in Indian mathematics." For some portions a carbon-date was proposed of AD 224–383 while for other portions a carbon-date as late as AD 885–993 in a recent study, but the dating has been criticised by specialists on methodological grounds (Plofker et al. 2017 and Houben 2018 §3). The manuscript contains the earliest known Indian use of a zero symbol. It is written in a form of literary Sanskrit influenced by contemporary dialects. バクシャーリー写本（バクシャーリーしゃほん）は、今のパキスタンの（Bakhshali）付近で発見された文献。西暦4世紀から5世紀頃に書かれたとされる。サンスクリット語のシャーラダー文字で書かれており、古代インドのヴェーダ時代と古典期をつなぐ数学の貴重な文献として知られている。 O Manuscrito Bakhshali é um manuscrito matemático escrito em , que foi encontrado em 1881 perto da aldeia de Bakhshali na província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa do Paquistão. É notável por ser "o mais antigo manuscrito sobrevivente em matemática indiana". Uma nova pesquisa de datação por carbono revelou que o Manuscrito Bakhshali é do século III ou IV, aproximadamente quinhentos anos mais antigo do que os cientistas acreditavam, o que faz dele a primeira origem registrada no subcontinente indiano para o símbolo zero. مخطوطة بخشالي هي مخطوطة رياضية هندية تضم أكثر من 70 ورقة صُنعت من ، تكمن أهميتها لكونها أقدم مخطوطة موجودة في الرياضيات الهندية. عٌثر عليها بالقرب من قرية بخشالي (بالقرب من بيشاور في باكستان) في 1881 م، وهي محفوظة منذ 1902 م في المكتبة البودلية في أكسفرد. قيل أن المخطوطة تمثل أول استخدام لرمز الصفر وتكتب على شكل نقطة سوداء. Манускрипт Бакхшали — древний индийский математический текст, написанный на бересте, который был найден в 1881 году в деревне , округ Мардан (в настоящее время — Пакистан, недалеко от Пешавара). По оценкам ряда экспертов, «самая старая существующая рукопись в индийской математике». Методом радиоуглеродного анализа часть манускрипта была датирована 224—383, а другая часть — 885—893 годами нашей эры в исследовании, которое было подвергнуто серьёзной критике (Плофкер и др., 2017 г. и Houben, 2018, § 3). Манускрипт содержит самое раннее известное в Индии использование символа нуля, написан на санскрите со значительным влиянием местных диалектов. Le manuscrit de Bakhshali est un recueil de textes mathématiques trouvé en 1881 près du village de (en) au Pakistan, à 80 km au nord-est de Peshawar. Écrit sur de l'écorce de bouleau, c'est le plus ancien document montrant l'utilisation du zéro et il est considéré comme le plus ancien manuscrit traitant des mathématiques indiennes. Il est conservé depuis 1902 à la bibliothèque Bodléienne à Oxford. Manuskrip Bakhshali adalah sebuah manuskrip ditulis pada yang ditemukan dekat desa (dekat Mardan di Pakistan saat ini) pada tahun 1881. Manuskrip ini terkenal karena menjadi "manuskrip tertua yang ada dalam matematika India." Beberapa bagian dari manuskrip tersebut berasal dari tahun 224–383 M. Manuskrip ini merupakan bukti tertua penggunaan simbol nol di India. Das Bakhshali-Manuskript ist ein Manuskript mit einer Sammlung mathematischer Schriften, die auf Birkenrinde geschrieben wurden. Es wurde 1881 nahe dem namensgebenden Dorf Bakhshali (heute in Pakistan, 80 km nordöstlich von Peschawar) gefunden. Heute befindet es sich in der Bodleian Library in Oxford. Die Datierung des Manuskriptes wird kontrovers diskutiert. Sicher ist, dass es sich um das älteste erhaltene mathematische Manuskript Indiens handelt. Möglicherweise findet sich in dem Bakhshali-Manuskript auch der älteste materielle Beleg für die Verwendung der Null (hier durch einen Punkt dargestellt) im indischen Raum. Es gibt wenig Hinweise auf den Hintergrund des Autors, doch deuten diese auf einen brahmanischen Ursprung. Il manoscritto di Bakhshali è un manoscritto di matematica, scritto su corteccia di betulla, trovato nei pressi del villaggio di (vicino Mardan nell'attuale Pakistan) nel 1881. Esso è importante in quanto "il più antico manoscritto di matematica dell'India." Alcuni dati risalgono al 224-383 ed è la prima evidenza nota dell'uso del simbolo zero in India. El Manuscrit Bakhshali és un manuscrit matemàtic escrit sobre escorça de bedoll. Es va trobar el 1881 a prop de la localitat de en el que llavors era el Provínciafronterera del Nord-Oest de l'Índia britànica (en l'actualitat Pakistan). Hi manca la major part del manuscrit, només han quedat setanta fulles d'escorça de bedoll Ningú sap quants anys té i diferent estudiosos han arribat a diferents dates. La majoria d'ells coincideixen que el manuscrit és una còpia d'una informació existent d'un text més antic. El Manuscrito de Bajshali es un antiguo texto matemático indio escrito en corteza de abedul que se encontró en 1881 en la aldea de , (cerca de Peshawar en el actual Pakistán). Es quizás 'el manuscrito más antiguo existente en matemática india.​ Para algunas partes analizadas se propuso una datación por radiocarbono de entre los años 224 y 383, mientras que para otras partes se obtenía una datacién de entre el 885 y 993 en un estudio reciente, aunque ha sido criticada por especialistas por motivos metodológicos (Plofker et al., 2017​ y Houben, 2018​). El manuscrito contiene el registro indio más antiguo conocido del número cero.​​ Está escrito en sánscrito con una influencia significativa de dialectos locales.​ 巴赫沙利手稿是一份写在上的数学文本，1881年在英属印度的巴赫沙利村（今巴基斯坦马尔丹附近）被发现，现存于牛津大学博德利图书馆。它被认为是“现存最古老的印度数学”，部分可追溯至公元224-383年。牛津大学的研究小组将最右边的黑点标识作为迄今最古老的“零”符号。
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