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- Šćepan Mali (serbisch-kyrillisch Шћепан Мали, deutsch: Stefan der Kleine; * um 1731 vermutlich in Bosnien, der Lika oder Dalmatien; † 22. September 1773 in bei Budva, Fürstbistum Montenegro) war von 1767 bis zu seinem Tod der Herrscher eines relativ selbstständigen Fürstbistums Montenegro. In der Literatur erhielt er auch den Namen „trügerischer Zar“ (serbisch лажни цар lažni car), da er sich als russischer Zar Peter III. ausgab und dadurch zum Regenten Montenegros erhoben wurde. (de)
- Šćepan Mali (Dalmazia, ... – Virpazar, 22 settembre 1773) è stato un politico montenegrino, governatore de facto del Montenegro fra il 1767 e il 1769, periodo durante il quale fece credere di essere lo Zar Pietro III di Russia, e Zar del Montenegro dal 1769 al 1773 col nome di Stefano I. (it)
- Šćepan Mali (Serbian Cyrillic: Шћепан Мали pronounced [ɕt͡ɕɛ̂paːn mâːli]), translated as Stephen the Little, Stephen the Small or Stephen the Humble, (c. 1739 – 22 September 1773) was the first and only "tsar" of Montenegro, ruling the country as an absolute monarch from 1768 until his death. Of unclear origins, Šćepan became the ruler of Montenegro through a rumour that he was in fact the deposed Russian emperor Peter III, who had died several years before Šćepan surfaced in the Balkans. Šćepan arrived in Montenegro in the autumn of 1766. Whether Šćepan was his real name is unknown, as is the reason for the epithet Mali. Who started the rumour that Šćepan was Peter and why is also unclear. Šćepan himself never formally proclaimed himself to be Peter, but never denied it either. Throughout 1767, he offered vague hints that he was the dead emperor, and as time went on, most of Montenegro became convinced of his supposed identity. Although Montenegro's legitimate ruler, Prince-Bishop Sava, who had met the real Peter and had received word from the Russian ambassador in Constantinople that Peter was dead, attempted to expose Šćepan, most Montenegrins continued to believe the rumours. In 1767, Šćepan was proclaimed as the country's ruler, and in February 1768, Sava was sidelined and confined to his monastery. Šćepan subsequently assumed the powers of an absolute monarch. Šćepan's reign proved to be a surprisingly successful one. He managed to unite Montenegro's infighting clans for the first time in the country's history. Social, administrative and religious reforms laid the groundwork for Montenegro's transition into a true state. The sudden appearance of a "Russian emperor" in the Balkans was a cause for concern in Europe. Many wondered who Šćepan was, why he was impersonating Peter and what his intentions were. The Ottomans feared the development, but failed in an attempted invasion of Montenegro in 1768. Peter's widow and successor, Catherine the Great, was far from enthusiastic and engaged in numerous failed attempts to end Šćepan's rule. A Russian delegation finally arrived in Montenegro in 1769, exposed Šćepan as a fraud and briefly imprisoned him, but released him and returned him to power upon realising that he was the most competent of Montenegro's potential rulers. Though disappointed by the revelation that Šćepan was not Peter, the Montenegrins nevertheless welcomed his continued rule as he was now supported by Russia and there were few other good choices available. In 1771, Šćepan was injured in an accident involving a land mine. From that point until the end of his life, he was carried around in a sedan chair. During the last few years of his reign, Šćepan legislated numerous reforms, creating a court of Montenegrin clan leaders to dispense justice, introducing the death penalty and strengthening the central government. He ruled until he was murdered by one of his servants, bribed by the Ottomans, in September 1773. Šćepan's legacy survives in the cultural memory of modern Montenegro and the surrounding countries. He is paradoxically remembered as both an ideal ruler and a fraud. Several stories and biographies have been written about him, alongside two theatre plays and two feature films. The film ("The Fake Tsar"), released in 1955 and based on Šćepan's life, was the first ever Montenegrin feature film. (en)
- Szczepan Mały także Šćepan Maly – z pochodzenia Słowianin, awanturnik, który w 1767 roku podał się za zamordowanego cara Piotra III, jako car Rosji w latach 1767-1772 władał Czarnogórą. (pl)
- Степан Малый, также лже-Пётр Фёдорович (серб. Шћепан Мали, настоящее имя неизвестно, ? — 1773) — самозванец неизвестного происхождения, выдававший себя за императора всероссийского Петра III. Царь Черногории, успешно боровшийся с турецкой и венецианской экспансиями. Провел судебную реформу, отделил церковь от государства. Убит в результате турецкого заговора в 1773 году. (ru)
- Ст́ефан М́алий (серб. Шћепан Мали, справжнє ім'я невідоме (можливо Йован Балівеч), ? — 1774) — самозванець, який видавав себе за російського імператора Петра III. Цар Чорногорії, боровся з турецькою і венеціанською експансіями. Намагався зміцнити центральну світську владу, провів судову реформу, відділив церкву від держави. (uk)
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- Šćepan Mali (serbisch-kyrillisch Шћепан Мали, deutsch: Stefan der Kleine; * um 1731 vermutlich in Bosnien, der Lika oder Dalmatien; † 22. September 1773 in bei Budva, Fürstbistum Montenegro) war von 1767 bis zu seinem Tod der Herrscher eines relativ selbstständigen Fürstbistums Montenegro. In der Literatur erhielt er auch den Namen „trügerischer Zar“ (serbisch лажни цар lažni car), da er sich als russischer Zar Peter III. ausgab und dadurch zum Regenten Montenegros erhoben wurde. (de)
- Šćepan Mali (Dalmazia, ... – Virpazar, 22 settembre 1773) è stato un politico montenegrino, governatore de facto del Montenegro fra il 1767 e il 1769, periodo durante il quale fece credere di essere lo Zar Pietro III di Russia, e Zar del Montenegro dal 1769 al 1773 col nome di Stefano I. (it)
- Szczepan Mały także Šćepan Maly – z pochodzenia Słowianin, awanturnik, który w 1767 roku podał się za zamordowanego cara Piotra III, jako car Rosji w latach 1767-1772 władał Czarnogórą. (pl)
- Степан Малый, также лже-Пётр Фёдорович (серб. Шћепан Мали, настоящее имя неизвестно, ? — 1773) — самозванец неизвестного происхождения, выдававший себя за императора всероссийского Петра III. Царь Черногории, успешно боровшийся с турецкой и венецианской экспансиями. Провел судебную реформу, отделил церковь от государства. Убит в результате турецкого заговора в 1773 году. (ru)
- Ст́ефан М́алий (серб. Шћепан Мали, справжнє ім'я невідоме (можливо Йован Балівеч), ? — 1774) — самозванець, який видавав себе за російського імператора Петра III. Цар Чорногорії, боровся з турецькою і венеціанською експансіями. Намагався зміцнити центральну світську владу, провів судову реформу, відділив церкву від держави. (uk)
- Šćepan Mali (Serbian Cyrillic: Шћепан Мали pronounced [ɕt͡ɕɛ̂paːn mâːli]), translated as Stephen the Little, Stephen the Small or Stephen the Humble, (c. 1739 – 22 September 1773) was the first and only "tsar" of Montenegro, ruling the country as an absolute monarch from 1768 until his death. Of unclear origins, Šćepan became the ruler of Montenegro through a rumour that he was in fact the deposed Russian emperor Peter III, who had died several years before Šćepan surfaced in the Balkans. (en)
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