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- The Spirit Soldier rebellions of 1920–1926 were a series of major peasant uprisings against state authorities and warlords in the Republic of China's provinces of Hubei and Sichuan during the Warlord Era. Following years of brutal suppression, civil war, and excessive taxation, the rural population of central China was restive, and susceptible to militant salvationist movements. One spiritual group, the so-called Spirit Soldiers, promised the peasants that they could gain protection from modern weaponry through protective magic. Tens of thousands consequently rallied to join the Spirit Soldiers, and successfully revolted in the mountainous and isolated areas of Hubei and Sichuan. At its height, the Spirit Soldier movement numbered over 100,000 fighters, and controlled about forty counties. The Spirit Soldiers had early military victories, but, relative to their opponents, lacked organization, a cohesive ideology and modern weaponry. As result, they could not prevail in the face of concentrated counter-offensives by the Chinese warlord armies. The Spirit Soldiers’ main armies were defeated and dispersed in 1926. Despite this, the movement remained active and continued to spread into neighboring provinces. Several Spirit Soldier factions consequently allied themselves with the Chinese Communist Party, providing crucial support to the latter's nascent insurgency in central China. (en)
- 神兵暴动又稱神兵起義，是20世紀上半葉中国西南部川鄂湘黔边区的民眾以天神的名义發動的民變。 1920年，云南督军唐继尧的靖国军被直系军阀曹锟击败后，其第三师师长吴醒汉率3万余众撤退至湖北西部，该师第二团团长陈绍基驻扎在利川、咸丰边境。1920年9月，陈绍基团的夏参谋來到咸丰的黑洞，要求当地人民交纳军谷96石、军饷5484吊。這一要求引發當地農民不滿。當地民眾於是組織軍事武裝，號稱神兵，並提出要打倒军阀、消灭棒匪、取消苛捐杂税。 後來川鄂湘黔边区多地均出現以神兵為名的武裝，他們之間互不隸屬，並且與北洋軍閥、中國工農紅軍等武裝發生衝突。神兵最終在中華人民共和國建國初期的全国大剿匪中被全部消滅。 (zh)
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- ----
- Republic of China
- Bandits
- *Zhili clique
- * Hubei warlords
- * Sichuan warlords
- *Guizhouforces
- Allied warlord forces
- Spirit Soldiers
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| dbo:place
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- Stalemate
- * Emergence ofChinese Communist Partyin conflict area; alliance of Spirit Soldiers withRed ArmiesofHe LongandXu Xiangqian
- * Large Spirit Soldier armies collapse, but rebel movement remains active and spreads
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| dbo:strength
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- 100,000+
- Tens of thousands
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- 36396 (xsd:nonNegativeInteger)
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- Map showing centers of the Spirit Soldier movement in western Hubei and Guizhou (en)
- Map showing centers of the Spirit Soldiers in Hubei and at the border to Sichuan (en)
- The Spirit Soldier movement originated from and was centered in the mountainous, isolated counties of western Hubei (en)
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| dbp:casualties
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| dbp:combatant
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- Allied warlord forces (en)
- Spirit Soldiers (en)
- Republic of China
* Zhili clique
* Sichuan warlords
* Hubei warlords
* Guizhou forces
----
Bandits (en)
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| dbp:commander
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- Warlords:
* Wu Peifu
* Wang Zhanyuan
* Yang Sen
* Xiong Kewu
* Yuan Zuming
* Chou Fu-yu
Bandits:
* Lao Yangren (en)
- Spirit Soldiers:
* Yuan, the self-proclaimed "Jade Emperor"
* Wang Tzu-cheng
* Chang †
* Wang Hsi-chiu †
* Yang Tse-kun
* Hsiang Ting-hsi
Warlords:
* Xiong Kewu (en)
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| dbp:conflict
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- Spirit Soldier rebellions (en)
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| dbp:direction
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- The spirit soldiers eventually fought alongside the Red Armies of He Long and Xu Xiangqian (en)
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| dbp:image
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- He Long1.jpg (en)
- Xu xiangqian-19year.jpg (en)
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| dbp:partof
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| dbp:place
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- Hubei and Sichuan, China (en)
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| dbp:quote
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- Good iron does not make nails, good men do not make soldiers. (en)
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| dbp:result
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- Stalemate
* Large Spirit Soldier armies collapse, but rebel movement remains active and spreads
* Emergence of Chinese Communist Party in conflict area; alliance of Spirit Soldiers with Red Armies of He Long and Xu Xiangqian (en)
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- —Anti-militaristic Chinese proverb (en)
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- 100000 (xsd:integer)
- Tens of thousands (en)
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- Peasant armies and militias (en)
- Warlord armies
----
Bandit groups (en)
- Xiong Kewu's army (en)
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- 250 (xsd:integer)
- 300 (xsd:integer)
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- 神兵暴动又稱神兵起義，是20世紀上半葉中国西南部川鄂湘黔边区的民眾以天神的名义發動的民變。 1920年，云南督军唐继尧的靖国军被直系军阀曹锟击败后，其第三师师长吴醒汉率3万余众撤退至湖北西部，该师第二团团长陈绍基驻扎在利川、咸丰边境。1920年9月，陈绍基团的夏参谋來到咸丰的黑洞，要求当地人民交纳军谷96石、军饷5484吊。這一要求引發當地農民不滿。當地民眾於是組織軍事武裝，號稱神兵，並提出要打倒军阀、消灭棒匪、取消苛捐杂税。 後來川鄂湘黔边区多地均出現以神兵為名的武裝，他們之間互不隸屬，並且與北洋軍閥、中國工農紅軍等武裝發生衝突。神兵最終在中華人民共和國建國初期的全国大剿匪中被全部消滅。 (zh)
- The Spirit Soldier rebellions of 1920–1926 were a series of major peasant uprisings against state authorities and warlords in the Republic of China's provinces of Hubei and Sichuan during the Warlord Era. Following years of brutal suppression, civil war, and excessive taxation, the rural population of central China was restive, and susceptible to militant salvationist movements. One spiritual group, the so-called Spirit Soldiers, promised the peasants that they could gain protection from modern weaponry through protective magic. Tens of thousands consequently rallied to join the Spirit Soldiers, and successfully revolted in the mountainous and isolated areas of Hubei and Sichuan. At its height, the Spirit Soldier movement numbered over 100,000 fighters, and controlled about forty counties. (en)
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- Spirit Soldier rebellions (1920–1926) (en)
- 神兵起義 (zh)
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- Spirit Soldier rebellions (en)
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