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- The Robot Patent is an English-language scholarly term for the imperial decrees (patents) in the 1700s abolishing compulsory labor (robot) of serfs, issued by Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, who had carried out a register of all land with a division between peasant and noble holdings.Joseph II outlawed the buying of 'rustic' land by the nobility and at the same time giving the rusticalists security of tenure. His motive was to prevent the increase in 'dominical' land, which paid fewer taxes to the government. This led to the survival of the peasantry, with rustic land still having the robot. In 1789 it was abolished by Joseph II, but Leopold II restored it when his brother Joseph II died in 1790. The abolition of the Robot during the Revolutions of 1848 broke the last legal tie which held the peasants to the land, and was seen as a great victory by the peasants. When the Robot was ended, the landlords had no interest in keeping peasantry to the soil. The smaller peasants sold their land and moved into the cities. The larger landlords could now run their great estates more economically. However the small gentry were ruined; they could not run estates even with the robot compensation as it was far too little, in contrast with Hungarian nobles who owned mills, paper factories, and coal mines, all gained by the much larger compensation paid to them. (en)
- Paten Robot ("Paten Kerja Paksa") adalah undang-undang yang mengatur kerja paksa yang dilakukan para petani di wilayah tuannya di Austria. Berdasarkan paten ini, para petani sebaiknya bekerja 52 hari per tahun untuk melakukan pengangkutan (dapat menggunakan hewan pekerja) untuk tuan tanah. Di tempat lain, kondisinya tidak sekeras itu, dan di Tirol, praktik robot atau kerja paksa hampir tidak ada. Praktik kerja paksa untuk para hamba tani dihapuskan oleh Joseph II, Kaisar Romawi Suci, pada tahun 1789, tetapi kemudian dikembalikan oleh Leopold II, Kaisar Romawi Suci. Sistem ini baru benar-benar dihapuskan di seluruh alam Habsburg pada tahun 1848. (in)
- Il Robotpatent fu un decreto firmato da Maria Teresa d'Austria a seguito delle sommosse civili che si erano presentate nel 1775 dopo la perdita dell'indipendenza della Boemia (la cancelleria austriaca si riunì definitivamente a Vienna); questi fatti portarono alla promulgazione del Robotpatent, che restringeva le corvée e l'altro lavoro forzato a favore dei signori dei feudi austriaci in Europa. Venne abolito nel 1789 da Giuseppe II, ripristinate dall'imperatore Leopoldo II ed abolite definitivamente nel 1848. (it)
- Рустика́льна земля́ — земельні наділи в Австрійській імперії, що перебували у спадковому користуванні селян. Юридично власниками рустикальних земель вважалися власники домініальних земель (поміщики, держава, церква), на користь яких селяни були зобов'язані відбувати різноманітні натуральні та грошові повинності, сплачувати державі поземельні податки. (uk)
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- Il Robotpatent fu un decreto firmato da Maria Teresa d'Austria a seguito delle sommosse civili che si erano presentate nel 1775 dopo la perdita dell'indipendenza della Boemia (la cancelleria austriaca si riunì definitivamente a Vienna); questi fatti portarono alla promulgazione del Robotpatent, che restringeva le corvée e l'altro lavoro forzato a favore dei signori dei feudi austriaci in Europa. Venne abolito nel 1789 da Giuseppe II, ripristinate dall'imperatore Leopoldo II ed abolite definitivamente nel 1848. (it)
- Рустика́льна земля́ — земельні наділи в Австрійській імперії, що перебували у спадковому користуванні селян. Юридично власниками рустикальних земель вважалися власники домініальних земель (поміщики, держава, церква), на користь яких селяни були зобов'язані відбувати різноманітні натуральні та грошові повинності, сплачувати державі поземельні податки. (uk)
- The Robot Patent is an English-language scholarly term for the imperial decrees (patents) in the 1700s abolishing compulsory labor (robot) of serfs, issued by Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, who had carried out a register of all land with a division between peasant and noble holdings.Joseph II outlawed the buying of 'rustic' land by the nobility and at the same time giving the rusticalists security of tenure. His motive was to prevent the increase in 'dominical' land, which paid fewer taxes to the government. This led to the survival of the peasantry, with rustic land still having the robot. In 1789 it was abolished by Joseph II, but Leopold II restored it when his brother Joseph II died in 1790. The abolition of the Robot during the Revolutions of 1848 broke the last legal tie which held t (en)
- Paten Robot ("Paten Kerja Paksa") adalah undang-undang yang mengatur kerja paksa yang dilakukan para petani di wilayah tuannya di Austria. Berdasarkan paten ini, para petani sebaiknya bekerja 52 hari per tahun untuk melakukan pengangkutan (dapat menggunakan hewan pekerja) untuk tuan tanah. Di tempat lain, kondisinya tidak sekeras itu, dan di Tirol, praktik robot atau kerja paksa hampir tidak ada. (in)
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- Paten Robot (in)
- Robotpatent (it)
- Robot Patent (en)
- Рустикальна земля (uk)
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