A phantom limb is the sensation that an amputated or missing limb (even an organ, like the appendix) is still attached to the body and is moving appropriately with other body parts. Approximately 50 to 80% of individuals with an amputation experience phantom sensations in their amputated limb, and the majority of the sensations are painful. Phantom sensations may also occur after the removal of body parts other than the limbs, e.g.

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p:abstract
  • A phantom limb is the sensation that an amputated or missing limb (even an organ, like the appendix) is still attached to the body and is moving appropriately with other body parts. Approximately 50 to 80% of individuals with an amputation experience phantom sensations in their amputated limb, and the majority of the sensations are painful. Phantom sensations may also occur after the removal of body parts other than the limbs, e.g. after amputation of the breast, extraction of a tooth (phantom tooth pain) or removal of an eye (phantom eye syndrome). The missing limb often feels shorter and may feel as if it is in a distorted and painful position. Occasionally, the pain can be made worse by stress, anxiety and weather changes. A slightly different sensation known as phantom pains can also occur in people who are born without limbs and people who are paralyzed. Phantom pains occur when nerves that would normally innervate the missing limb cause pain. It is often described as a burning or similarly strange sensation and can be extremely agonizing for some people, but the exact sensation differs widely for individuals. Other induced sensations include warmth, cold, itching, squeezing, tightness and tingling (; ). (en)
  • Le terme membre fantôme désigne le fait qu'une personne amputée d'un membre en ressente encore la présence, le plus souvent de façon douloureuse. (fr)
  • 幻肢（げんし、英 phantom limb）とは、事故、壊疽などの怪我や病気が原因で手や足を切断された患者が、失われた手足が依然そこに存在するかのように感じること。幻影肢ともいう。 幻肢をもつ患者はしばしばそれを意図的に動かすことができる。 逆にそれが動かせない場合、その幻の部位に非常に強い痛みを感じることがあり、それを 幻肢痛（げんしつう）という。 脳科学者で神経科医のラマチャンドランは、幻肢や幻肢痛とその原因・治療に関する医学的見地からの種々の興味深い報告を行っている。 またかつて現象学の立場から、こうした場面での心の意識の志向性について、フランスの現象学的哲学の代表者、モーリス・メルロー＝ポンティがその著書『知覚の現象学』の中で議論を展開したことがある。 (ja)
  • 幻肢（phantom limb）是某些失去四肢的人類所產生的一種幻覺，這些人感覺失去的四肢仍舊附著在軀幹上、並和身體的其他部分一起移動。 幻痛（phantom pain）為病人在幻肢、幻手或幻指上產生之疼痛感。 (zh)
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  • Vilayanur S. Ramachandran (en)
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  • Brain (en)
  • British Medical Journal (en)
  • Clin J Pain (en)
  • Cognitive Neuropsychiatry (en)
  • Cortex (en)
  • Lippincott's Mag Popular Literature & Science (en)
  • Nature (en)
  • Neuroreport: An International Journal for the Rapid Communication of Research in Neuroscience (en)
  • Pain (en)
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  • William Morrow & Company (en)
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  • I placed a coffee cup in front of John and asked him to grab it [with his phantom limb]. Just as he said he was reaching out, I yanked the cup away. "Ow!" he yelled. "Don't do that!" "What's the matter?" "Don't do that", he repeated. "I had just got my fingers around the cup handle when you pulled it. That really hurts!" Hold on a minute. I wrench a real cup from phantom fingers and the person yells, ouch! The fingers were illusory, but the pain was real - indeed, so intense that I dared not repeat the experiment. (en)
  • Ramachandran, Phantoms in the Brain, p. 43. (en)
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  • Berger (en)
  • Blakeslee (en)
  • Cameron (en)
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  • Zeman (en)
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  • Behavioral and magnetoencephalographic correlates of plasticity in the adult human brain. (en)
  • Chronic phantom and stump pain among American veterans: results of a survey. (en)
  • Evidence for the optimal management of acute and chronic phantom pain: a systematic review (en)
  • Massive cortical reorganization after sensory deafferentation in adult macaques (en)
  • Noninvasive detection of cerebral plasticity in adult human somatosensory cortex. (en)
  • Perceptual correlates of massive cortical reorganization. (en)
  • Phantom Limbs (en)
  • Phantom limb experiences in congenital limb-deficient adults. (en)
  • Phantom limbs (en)
  • Phantom limbs: The body in mind (en)
  • Phantoms in the brain: Probing the mysteries of the human mind. (en)
  • Phantoms in the brain (en)
  • Synaesthesia in phantom limbs induced with mirrors. (en)
  • The perception of phantom limbs: The D.O. Hebb lecture. (en)
  • Touching the phantom. (en)
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rdfs:comment
  • A phantom limb is the sensation that an amputated or missing limb (even an organ, like the appendix) is still attached to the body and is moving appropriately with other body parts. Approximately 50 to 80% of individuals with an amputation experience phantom sensations in their amputated limb, and the majority of the sensations are painful. Phantom sensations may also occur after the removal of body parts other than the limbs, e.g. (en)
  • Le terme membre fantôme désigne le fait qu'une personne amputée d'un membre en ressente encore la présence, le plus souvent de façon douloureuse. (fr)
  • 幻肢（げんし、英 phantom limb）とは、事故、壊疽などの怪我や病気が原因で手や足を切断された患者が、失われた手足が依然そこに存在するかのように感じること。幻影肢ともいう。 (ja)
  • 幻肢（phantom limb）是某些失去四肢的人類所產生的一種幻覺，這些人感覺失去的四肢仍舊附著在軀幹上、並和身體的其他部分一起移動。 (zh)
rdfs:label
  • Phantom limb (en)
  • Membre fantôme (fr)
  • 幻肢 (ja)
  • 幻肢 (zh)
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