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The Ottawa River timber trade, also known as the Ottawa Valley timber trade or Ottawa River lumber trade, was the nineteenth century production of wood products by Canada on areas of the Ottawa River and the regions of the Ottawa Valley and Western Quebec destined for British and American markets. It was the major industry of the historical colonies of Upper Canada and Lower Canada and it created an entrepreneur known as a lumber baron. The trade in squared timber and later sawed lumber led to population growth and prosperity to communities in the Ottawa Valley, especially the city of Bytown (now Ottawa, the capital of Canada). The product was chiefly red and white pine.The Ottawa River being conveniently located with access via the St. Lawrence River, was a valuable region due to its grea

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  • The Ottawa River timber trade, also known as the Ottawa Valley timber trade or Ottawa River lumber trade, was the nineteenth century production of wood products by Canada on areas of the Ottawa River and the regions of the Ottawa Valley and Western Quebec destined for British and American markets. It was the major industry of the historical colonies of Upper Canada and Lower Canada and it created an entrepreneur known as a lumber baron. The trade in squared timber and later sawed lumber led to population growth and prosperity to communities in the Ottawa Valley, especially the city of Bytown (now Ottawa, the capital of Canada). The product was chiefly red and white pine.The Ottawa River being conveniently located with access via the St. Lawrence River, was a valuable region due to its great pine forests surpassing any others nearby. The industry lasted until around 1900 as both markets and supplies decreased, it was then reoriented to the production of wood pulp which continued until the late 1990's/early 2000's. The industry came about following Napoleon's 1806 Continental Blockade in Europe causing the United Kingdom to require a new source for timber especially for its navy and shipbuilding. Later the U.K.'s application of gradually increasing protectionist tariffs on non empire goods increased Canadian imports. Leading into the early 1800’s much of the pine in New Brunswick had been cut and Ottawa-Gatineau was considered the boundary for lumbering. Moving to the mid 1800’s much of the pine in this once pristine area was now cut. The first part of the industry, the trade in squared timber lasted until about the 1850s. The transportation for the raw timber was first by means of floating down the Ottawa River, proved possible in 1806 by Philemon Wright. Squared timber would be assembled into large rafts which held living quarters for men on their six week journey to Quebec City, which had large exporting facilities and easy access to the Atlantic Ocean. The second part of the industry involved the trade of sawed lumber, and the New England lumber barons, and lasted chiefly from about 1850 to 1900-1910. The Reciprocity Treaty caused a shift to American markets. The source of timber in Britain changed, where its access to timber in the Baltic region was restored, and it no longer provided the protective tariffs. American entrepreneurs at that time then began to immigrate and build their operations near the Ottawa River, creating some of the world's largest sawmills. These men, known as lumber barons, with names such as John Rudolphus Booth Henry Franklin Bronson, and later Ezra Butler Eddy, and founded mills and industries, alongside investing in public infrastructure and private residences, which were essential to the growth and development of early Ottawa. The sawed lumber industry benefited from transportation improvements, first the Rideau Canal linking Ottawa with Kingston, Ontario on Lake Ontario, and much later railways that began to be created between Canadian cities and Northern U.S. markets. Around 1906, the last raft was chuted down the Ottawa River, squaring of timber to make rafts had become too wasteful and costly a solution to transportation, new hydro obstructions along the Ottawa River and St Lawrence had made it more difficult, and the growing road and rail networks, like the Canadian Atlantic Railway, founded by J.R Booth in 1897 and spanning the region between Lake Huron, Ottawa, Montreal, and Northern Vermont, had proven capable of supplying to the newer domestic and urban Newspaper and magazine markets which had become the primary demand. Supplies of pine were dwindling and there was also a decreased demand for sawn timber. Many sawmills converted to pulp mills for the paper industry during this period. the United Kingdom was able to resume its supply from the Baltic Region and their policies especially the reduction in protectionism of their colonies led to a decrease in markets in the U.K. Shipbuilding turned towards steel, and the Atlantic fishing industry which provided domestic demand collapsed. Before 1950 many operations began to discontinue or be purchased by larger operations, and later many mills were completely removed and the spoiled land began to be restored in Urban Renewal policies in Ottawa. The industry had contributed greatly to population increases, culture, and economic growth of Ontario and Quebec. (en)
  • Le commerce du bois d'œuvre sur la rivière des Outaouais (en anglais désigné traditionnellement par Ottawa River timber trade, Ottawa Valley timber trade ou Ottawa River lumber trade), correspond à la production de produits du bois au XIXe siècle par le Canada sur la zone couverte par la Rivière des Outaouais, destinée aux marchés britannique et américain. C'est l'industrie principale des colonies historiques du Haut-Canada et du Bas-Canada, et elle crée un type d'entrepreneur connu sous le nom de lumber baron, baron du bois d'œuvre. Le commerce du bois carré (squared timber), puis du bois scié, conduit à la croissance de la population et la prospérité des collectivités dans la vallée de l'Outaouais, en particulier la ville de Bytown (aujourd'hui Ottawa, la capitale du Canada). Les produits étaient principalement Pinus resinosa et Pinus strobus. L'industrie a duré jusqu'en 1900 environ, lorsque les marchés et les stocks ont diminué. Cette industrie est créée à la suite du blocus continental de 1806 par Napoléon Bonaparte en Europe, obligeant le Royaume-Uni à trouver une nouvelle source de bois, en particulier pour sa marine de guerre et pour la construction navale en général. Plus tard, l'application par le Royaume-Uni de tarifs préférentiels croissants, progressivement accroitront les importations canadiennes. La première partie de l'industrie, le commerce du bois équarri (ou bois carré), dure jusque vers les années 1850. Le transport du bois brut est d'abord réalisé par le moyen du flottage sur la rivière des Outaouais, éprouvée 1806 par Philemon Wright. Les bois équarris sont assemblés en grands radeaux (raft) qui servent de lieu d'hébergement à des hommes, le temps des six semaines de leur voyage à destination du port de Québec, qui disposait de grandes installations d'exportation, et permettait un accès facile à l'océan Atlantique. La deuxième partie de l'industrie concerne le commerce du , et les barons américains du bois d'œuvre (American lumber barons), et dure principalement de 1850 à 1900-1910 environ. Le traité de réciprocité canado-américain provoque un déplacement des marchés américains. La source de bois en Grande-Bretagne change, et sa connexion aux bois de la Baltique est rétabli, et elle ne prévoit plus de tarifs préférentiel à l'importation. Des États-Unis, les entrepreneurs commencent alors à établir leurs opérations près de la rivière des Outaouais, créant ainsi certaines des plus grandes scieries du monde à cette époque. Ces hommes, connus sous le nom de « barons du bois » (lumber barons), portant des noms tels que John Rudolphus Booth et , créent des usines qui contribuent à la prospérité et à la croissance d'Ottawa. L'industrie du bois scié bénéficie d'améliorations dans les transports, notamment le canal Rideau , reliant Ottawa à Kingston sur le lac Ontario, et bien plus tard, les chemins de fer, qui sont créés entre les villes canadiennes. Peu après 1900, le dernier train de bois descend la rivière des Outaouais. Les stocks de pins diminuent et la demande aussi. À ce moment, le Royaume-Uni est en mesure de reprendre ses approvisionnements en provenance de la baltique, et sa politique, en particulier la réduction des règles protectionnistes favorables à ses colonies, entraîne une baisse des marchés britanniques. La construction navale se tourne vers l'acier. Avant 1950, de nombreuses opérations commencent à s'arrêter, puis de nombreuses usines sont complètement supprimées et les terres dégradées commencent à être restaurées dans les politiques de rénovation urbaine d'Ottawa. L'industrie grandement contribue à la croissance démographique et à la croissance économique de l'Ontario et du Québec. (fr)
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  • The Ottawa River timber trade, also known as the Ottawa Valley timber trade or Ottawa River lumber trade, was the nineteenth century production of wood products by Canada on areas of the Ottawa River and the regions of the Ottawa Valley and Western Quebec destined for British and American markets. It was the major industry of the historical colonies of Upper Canada and Lower Canada and it created an entrepreneur known as a lumber baron. The trade in squared timber and later sawed lumber led to population growth and prosperity to communities in the Ottawa Valley, especially the city of Bytown (now Ottawa, the capital of Canada). The product was chiefly red and white pine.The Ottawa River being conveniently located with access via the St. Lawrence River, was a valuable region due to its grea (en)
  • Le commerce du bois d'œuvre sur la rivière des Outaouais (en anglais désigné traditionnellement par Ottawa River timber trade, Ottawa Valley timber trade ou Ottawa River lumber trade), correspond à la production de produits du bois au XIXe siècle par le Canada sur la zone couverte par la Rivière des Outaouais, destinée aux marchés britannique et américain. C'est l'industrie principale des colonies historiques du Haut-Canada et du Bas-Canada, et elle crée un type d'entrepreneur connu sous le nom de lumber baron, baron du bois d'œuvre. Le commerce du bois carré (squared timber), puis du bois scié, conduit à la croissance de la population et la prospérité des collectivités dans la vallée de l'Outaouais, en particulier la ville de Bytown (aujourd'hui Ottawa, la capitale du Canada). Les produit (fr)
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  • Commerce du bois d’œuvre sur la rivière des Outaouais (fr)
  • Ottawa River timber trade (en)
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