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Lesbians in Francoist Spain had to contend with a culture where a fascist state met with a form of conservative Roman Catholicism to impose very rigid, traditional gender roles. In the immediate post-Civil War period, the new regime was not concerned with homosexuals in general, but instead were focused on changing laws to enforce restrictive gender norms like repealing divorce. While original laws banning homosexuality were on the books and enforced using a 1933 law, they were changed in 1954 and 1970. Unlike male homosexuality, lesbians were less clearly addressed by these laws and were much less frequently prosecuted for the crime of homosexuality. Lesbians from that period are hard to identify because they were not identified as such, and often identified as prostitutes instead.

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  • Las lesbianas en la España franquista tuvieron que lidiar con una cultura en la que un estado fascista se encontró con una forma de catolicismo romano conservador para imponer roles de género tradicionales muy rígidos. En el período inmediatamente posterior a la Guerra Civil, el nuevo régimen no se preocupó por los homosexuales en general, sino que se centró en cambiar las leyes para hacer cumplir normas de género restrictivas como la revocación del divorcio. Si bien las leyes originales que prohibían la homosexualidad estaban en los libros y se hicieron cumplir mediante una ley de 1933, se cambiaron en 1954 y 1970. A diferencia de la homosexualidad masculina, las lesbianas fueron abordadas con menos claridad por estas leyes y fueron procesadas con mucha menos frecuencia por el delito de homosexualidad. Las lesbianas de ese período son difíciles de identificar porque no fueron identificadas como tales y, en cambio, a menudo se las identificaba como prostitutas. Las lesbianas fueron reprimidas en España, utilizando instituciones culturales, religiosas, psiquiátricas y médicas para facilitar esta represión. Durante el franquismo, las lesbianas se vieron obligadas a meterse en un armario ineludible que en ocasiones conducía al suicidio. En consecuencia, la cultura lesbiana fue empujada a la clandestinidad. Las mujeres tenían que reunirse clandestinamente y usar palabras clave para identificarse entre sí. Crearon sus propias unidades familiares únicas, se casaron con hombres o tuvieron matrimonios falsos con hombres homosexuales. Algunas entraron en conventos. Ser descubierta planteaba peligros, incluido el hecho de que serían sometidas a un tratamiento de electrochoque como parte de la terapia de conversión. Aun así, las lesbianas organizaban fiestas, iban al cine y, a partir del año de la muerte de Franco, crearon su propia escena de bares. Oculto sendero de Elena Fortún y la poesía lésbica de Lucía Sánchez Saornil fueron las obras más importantes de la literatura lésbica temprana de este período, antes de que el movimiento literario lésbico comenzara a despegar realmente en 1964 con obras como la novela de 1964 de Ana María Matute . La historia independiente del lesbianismo como movimiento político en España no comienza hasta 1975, año de la muerte de Franco, ya que las voces lesbianas habían sido silenciadas intencionalmente antes de esto. En este período inicial de transición a la democracia, las voces de los hombres homosexuales a menudo eran más fuertes y las lesbianas mayormente desempeñaban papeles de apoyo debido a la mayor visibilidad histórica de los hombres homosexuales en el pasado y al patriarcado continuo. En 1977, el Front d'Alliberament Gai de Catalunya (FAGC) con sede en Barcelona se convirtió en la primera organización de hombres homosexuales en tener una sección lésbica. La primera organización lésbica, , en España no se fundó hasta 1979 en Barcelona. Las tensiones políticas harían que las lesbianas se separaran de los hombres gais en 1981 y no volverían a unirse hasta principios de la década de 1990. (es)
  • Lesbians in Francoist Spain had to contend with a culture where a fascist state met with a form of conservative Roman Catholicism to impose very rigid, traditional gender roles. In the immediate post-Civil War period, the new regime was not concerned with homosexuals in general, but instead were focused on changing laws to enforce restrictive gender norms like repealing divorce. While original laws banning homosexuality were on the books and enforced using a 1933 law, they were changed in 1954 and 1970. Unlike male homosexuality, lesbians were less clearly addressed by these laws and were much less frequently prosecuted for the crime of homosexuality. Lesbians from that period are hard to identify because they were not identified as such, and often identified as prostitutes instead. Lesbians were repressed in Spain, using cultural, religious, psychiatric and medical institutions to facilitate this repression. During the Franco period, lesbians were forced into an inescapable closet that sometimes led to suicide. Consequently, lesbian culture was pushed underground. Women had to meet clandestinely and use code words to identify each other. They created their own unique family units, married men or had fake marriages to gay men. Some entered convents. Being outed posed dangers, including that they would be subjected to electroshock treatment as part of conversion therapy. Still, lesbians threw parties, went to the movies, and, starting the year Franco died, they created their own bar scene. by Elena Fortún and the lesbian poetry of Lucía Sánchez Saornil were the most important works of early lesbian literature of this period, before the lesbian literary movement really began to take off in 1964 with works like Ana María Matute's 1964 novel (Spanish: Los soldados lloran de noche) An independent history of lesbianism as a political movement in Spain does not begin until 1975, the year Franco died, as lesbian voices had been intentionally silenced prior to this. In this early period a transition to democracy, the voices of gay men were often louder with lesbians playing important support roles because of historically greater past gay male visibility and continuing patriarchy. In 1977, Barcelona based (FAGC) became the first gay men's organization to have a lesbian section. The first lesbian organization, , in Spain would not be founded until 1979 in Barcelona. Political tensions would see lesbians split from gay men by 1981 and they would not join together again until the early 1990s. (en)
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  • left (en)
  • right (en)
dbp:date
  • March 2020 (en)
dbp:quote
  • "No, I do not think they should be punished. But I am not in favor of granting freedom or propaganda of homosexuality. I think we have to put limits to this type of deviations, when the instinct is so clearly defined in the Western world. The freedom of the instincts is a respectable freedom ..., provided that it does not under any circumstances affect models of coexistence mostly accepted as positive moral models." (en)
  • "Two women who lived together were not suspects, which is why the law was not enforced, but when something does not exist, it is not claimed." (en)
dbp:reason
  • vague (en)
dbp:source
  • Maria Giralt, Managing Director of Gayles TV (en)
  • Enrique Tierno Galván, future mayor of Madrid in 1977 (en)
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  • 350 (xsd:integer)
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  • Las lesbianas en la España franquista tuvieron que lidiar con una cultura en la que un estado fascista se encontró con una forma de catolicismo romano conservador para imponer roles de género tradicionales muy rígidos. En el período inmediatamente posterior a la Guerra Civil, el nuevo régimen no se preocupó por los homosexuales en general, sino que se centró en cambiar las leyes para hacer cumplir normas de género restrictivas como la revocación del divorcio. Si bien las leyes originales que prohibían la homosexualidad estaban en los libros y se hicieron cumplir mediante una ley de 1933, se cambiaron en 1954 y 1970. A diferencia de la homosexualidad masculina, las lesbianas fueron abordadas con menos claridad por estas leyes y fueron procesadas con mucha menos frecuencia por el delito de h (es)
  • Lesbians in Francoist Spain had to contend with a culture where a fascist state met with a form of conservative Roman Catholicism to impose very rigid, traditional gender roles. In the immediate post-Civil War period, the new regime was not concerned with homosexuals in general, but instead were focused on changing laws to enforce restrictive gender norms like repealing divorce. While original laws banning homosexuality were on the books and enforced using a 1933 law, they were changed in 1954 and 1970. Unlike male homosexuality, lesbians were less clearly addressed by these laws and were much less frequently prosecuted for the crime of homosexuality. Lesbians from that period are hard to identify because they were not identified as such, and often identified as prostitutes instead. (en)
rdfs:label
  • Lesbianas durante la dictadura franquista (es)
  • Lesbians in Francoist Spain (en)
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