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- The history of the Jews in Livorno (Leghorn in English, Liorne or Liorna in Ladino), Italy has been documented since 1583, when descendants of the late 15th-century expulsions from Spain and Portugal settled in the city. They were settled initially by Sephardic Jews from Pisa. The Jewish community of Livorno, although the youngest among the historic Jewish communities of Italy, was for some time the foremost: its members achieved political rights and wealth, and contributed to scholarship in the thriving port city. Numerous Jewish schools and welfare institutions were established. Livorno traded with northern Europe and the Levant but declined in the later 19th century after losing its status as a free port. From a peak estimated population of 10,000 Sephardic Jews during that period, by 1904 a total of 3,000 Jews remained in Livorno, many having emigrated to other cities and nations where they were known as Grana in Judeo-Arabic or gorneyim (גורנים) in Hebrew. (en)
- Les Granas (hébreu : גורנים Gorneyim, sing. Gorni « de Legorn », c’est-à-dire Livourne) sont les Juifs espagnols et portugais établis dans la ville toscane de Livourne, à la suite de leur expulsion de la péninsule ibérique au XVe siècle, ainsi que leurs descendants. Un sociolecte spécifique était parlé par cette communauté, le bagitto. (fr)
- La comunità ebraica di Livorno (in ladino e in giudeo-portoghese la città era chiamata Liorne o Liorna) era costituita, alla sua origine, prevalentemente da ebrei di origine portoghese/spagnola (sefarditi) che, fin dalla fondazione della città, costituiscono una componente importante della vita cittadina.Oggi è una delle 21 comunità ebraiche italiane riunite nell'UCEI. Attuale presidente è Vittorio Mosseri. (it)
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- Les Granas (hébreu : גורנים Gorneyim, sing. Gorni « de Legorn », c’est-à-dire Livourne) sont les Juifs espagnols et portugais établis dans la ville toscane de Livourne, à la suite de leur expulsion de la péninsule ibérique au XVe siècle, ainsi que leurs descendants. Un sociolecte spécifique était parlé par cette communauté, le bagitto. (fr)
- La comunità ebraica di Livorno (in ladino e in giudeo-portoghese la città era chiamata Liorne o Liorna) era costituita, alla sua origine, prevalentemente da ebrei di origine portoghese/spagnola (sefarditi) che, fin dalla fondazione della città, costituiscono una componente importante della vita cittadina.Oggi è una delle 21 comunità ebraiche italiane riunite nell'UCEI. Attuale presidente è Vittorio Mosseri. (it)
- The history of the Jews in Livorno (Leghorn in English, Liorne or Liorna in Ladino), Italy has been documented since 1583, when descendants of the late 15th-century expulsions from Spain and Portugal settled in the city. They were settled initially by Sephardic Jews from Pisa. The Jewish community of Livorno, although the youngest among the historic Jewish communities of Italy, was for some time the foremost: its members achieved political rights and wealth, and contributed to scholarship in the thriving port city. Numerous Jewish schools and welfare institutions were established. (en)
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- Comunità ebraica di Livorno (it)
- History of the Jews in Livorno (en)
- Granas (fr)
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