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Free probability is a mathematical theory that studies non-commutative random variables. The "freeness" or free independence property is the analogue of the classical notion of independence, and it is connected with free products.This theory was initiated by Dan Voiculescu around 1986 in order to attack the free group factors isomorphism problem, an important unsolved problem in the theory of operator algebras. Given a free group on some number of generators, we can consider the von Neumann algebra generated by the group algebra, which is a type II1 factor. The isomorphism problem asks whether these are isomorphic for different numbers of generators. It is not even known if any two free group factors are isomorphic. This is similar to Tarski's free group problem, which asks whether two dif

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  • Die freie Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie ist ein Teilgebiet der Mathematik, das 1985 von Dan Voiculescu begründet wurde. Die Theorie entsprang der Suche nach einem besseren Verständnis von gewissen Algebren von Operatoren auf Hilberträumen. Voiculescu isolierte dabei das Konzept „freeness“ oder „freie Unabhängigkeit“ als wesentliche Struktur und initiierte die freie Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie als die Untersuchung dieser Struktur, losgelöst von ihrem konkreten Auftreten bei Operatoralgebren. Eine grundlegende Idee dabei ist, die freie Unabhängigkeit in Analogie zum Konzept der Unabhängigkeit von stochastischen Zufallsvariablen zu sehen und die Theorie in diesem Sinne als eine Art von Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie für nicht-kommutierende Variable zu entwickeln. Die Entdeckung von Voiculescu (1991), dass auch große Klassen von Zufallsmatrizen asymptotisch frei werden, markierte den Übergang der freien Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie von einer spezialisierten Theorie für gewisse Operatoralgebren zu einer fundamentalen Theorie mit weitem Anwendungskreis. Insbesondere liefert die freie Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie neue Methoden zur Berechnung von Eigenwertverteilungen von Zufallsmatrizen, welche auch von Interesse in angewandten Gebieten, wie z. B. der drahtlosenKommunikation sind. (de)
  • Free probability is a mathematical theory that studies non-commutative random variables. The "freeness" or free independence property is the analogue of the classical notion of independence, and it is connected with free products.This theory was initiated by Dan Voiculescu around 1986 in order to attack the free group factors isomorphism problem, an important unsolved problem in the theory of operator algebras. Given a free group on some number of generators, we can consider the von Neumann algebra generated by the group algebra, which is a type II1 factor. The isomorphism problem asks whether these are isomorphic for different numbers of generators. It is not even known if any two free group factors are isomorphic. This is similar to Tarski's free group problem, which asks whether two different non-abelian finitely generated free groups have the same elementary theory. Later connections to random matrix theory, combinatorics, representations of symmetric groups, large deviations, quantum information theory and other theories were established. Free probability is currently undergoing active research. Typically the random variables lie in a unital algebra A such as a C*-algebra or a von Neumann algebra. The algebra comes equipped with a noncommutative expectation, a linear functional φ: A → C such that φ(1) = 1. Unital subalgebras A1, ..., Am are then said to be freely independent if the expectation of the product a1...an is zero whenever each aj has zero expectation, lies in an Ak, no adjacent aj's come from the same subalgebra Ak, and n is nonzero. Random variables are freely independent if they generate freely independent unital subalgebras. One of the goals of free probability (still unaccomplished) was to construct new invariants of von Neumann algebras and is regarded as a reasonable candidate for such an invariant. The main tool used for the construction of is free entropy. The relation of free probability with random matrices is a key reason for the wide use of free probability in other subjects. Voiculescu introduced the concept of freeness around 1983 in an operator algebraic context; at the beginning there was no relation at all with random matrices. This connection was only revealed later in 1991 by Voiculescu; he was motivated by the fact that the limit distribution which he found in his free central limit theorem had appeared before in Wigner's semi-circle law in the random matrix context. The free cumulant functional (introduced by Roland Speicher) plays a major role in the theory. It is related to the lattice of noncrossing partitions of the set { 1, ..., n } in the same way in which the classic cumulant functional is related to the lattice of all partitions of that set. (en)
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  • Die freie Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie ist ein Teilgebiet der Mathematik, das 1985 von Dan Voiculescu begründet wurde. Die Theorie entsprang der Suche nach einem besseren Verständnis von gewissen Algebren von Operatoren auf Hilberträumen. Voiculescu isolierte dabei das Konzept „freeness“ oder „freie Unabhängigkeit“ als wesentliche Struktur und initiierte die freie Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie als die Untersuchung dieser Struktur, losgelöst von ihrem konkreten Auftreten bei Operatoralgebren. Eine grundlegende Idee dabei ist, die freie Unabhängigkeit in Analogie zum Konzept der Unabhängigkeit von stochastischen Zufallsvariablen zu sehen und die Theorie in diesem Sinne als eine Art von Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie für nicht-kommutierende Variable zu entwickeln. Die Entdeckung von Voiculescu (1991), (de)
  • Free probability is a mathematical theory that studies non-commutative random variables. The "freeness" or free independence property is the analogue of the classical notion of independence, and it is connected with free products.This theory was initiated by Dan Voiculescu around 1986 in order to attack the free group factors isomorphism problem, an important unsolved problem in the theory of operator algebras. Given a free group on some number of generators, we can consider the von Neumann algebra generated by the group algebra, which is a type II1 factor. The isomorphism problem asks whether these are isomorphic for different numbers of generators. It is not even known if any two free group factors are isomorphic. This is similar to Tarski's free group problem, which asks whether two dif (en)
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  • Freie Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie (de)
  • Free probability (en)
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