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- Fish gills are organs that allow fish to breathe underwater. Most fish exchange gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide using gills that are protected under gill covers (operculum) on both sides of the pharynx (throat). Gills are tissues that are like short threads, protein structures called filaments. These filaments have many functions including the transfer of ions and water, as well as the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, acids and ammonia. Each filament contains a capillary network that provides a large surface area for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide. Fish exchange gases by pulling oxygen-rich water through their mouths and pumping it over their gills. Within the gill filaments, capillary blood flows in the opposite direction to the water, causing counter-current exchange. The gills push the oxygen-poor water out through openings in the sides of the pharynx. Some fish, like sharks and lampreys, possess multiple gill openings. However, bony fish have a single gill opening on each side. This opening is hidden beneath a protective bony cover called the operculum. Juvenile bichirs have external gills, a very primitive feature that they share with larval amphibians. Previously, the evolution of gills was thought to have occurred through two diverging lines: gills formed from the endoderm, as seen in jawless fish species, or those form by the ectoderm, as seen in jawed fish. However, recent studies on gill formation of the little skate (Leucoraja erinacea) has shown potential evidence supporting the claim that gills from all current fish species have in fact evolved from a common ancestor. (en)
- 魚鰓是魚類的鰓，位於其咽部左右。鰓中有結構，其中含有毛細血管以交換氧氣與二氧化碳。它們通過將含有氧氣的水由嘴吸入鰓中來獲取之，一些魚類毛細血管中血液流向與水流相反，可以造成逆流交換，最終將含氧量減少的水從鰓中排出。 一些魚類，諸如鯊魚和七鰓鰻，擁有不止一對鰓，這與硬骨魚大相徑庭。幼年多鰭魚也有多個鰓，是一種同兩栖類幼體相似的原始結構。 (zh)
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