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- County magistrate (Chinese: 縣令 or Chinese: 縣長) sometimes called local magistrate, in imperial China was the official in charge of the xian, or county, the lowest level of central government. The magistrate was the official who had face-to-face relations with the people and administered all aspects of government on behalf of the emperor. Because he was expected to rule in a disciplined but caring way and because the people were expected to obey, the county magistrate was informally known as the Fumu Guan (Chinese: 父母官; pinyin: fùmǔ guān), the "Father and Mother" or "parental" official. The emperor appointed magistrates from among those who passed the imperial examinations or had purchased equivalent degrees. Education in the Confucian Classics indoctrinated these officials with a shared ideology that helped to unify the empire, but not with practical training. A magistrate acquired specialized skills only after assuming office. Once in office, the magistrate was caught between the demands of his superiors and the needs and resistance of his often unruly constituents. Promotion depended on the magistrate's ability to maintain peace and lawful order as he supervised tax collection, roads, water control, and the census; handled legal functions as both prosecutor and judge; arranged relief for the poor or afflicted; carried out rituals; encouraged education and schools; and performed any further task the emperor chose to assign. Allowed to serve in any one place for only three years, he was also at the mercy of the local elites for knowledge of the local scene. There was a temptation to postpone difficult problems to the succeeding magistrate's term or to push them into a neighboring magistrate's jurisdiction. The Yongzheng emperor praised the magistrate: "The integrity of one man involves the peace or unhappiness of a myriad." But a recent historian said of the magistrate that "if he had possessed the qualifications for carrying out all his duties, he would have been a genius. Instead, he was an all-around blunderer, a harassed Jack-of-all trades...." The Republic of China (1912 – ) made extensive reforms in county government, but the position of magistrate was retained. Under the People's Republic of China (1949 – ) the office of county magistrate, sometimes translated as "mayor," was no longer the lowest level of the central government, which extended its control directly to the village level. (en)
- Hakim daerah (Hanzi sederhana: 县令; Hanzi tradisional: 縣令; Pinyin: xiànlìng) atau dalam bahasa Inggris County Magistrate, terkadang disebut juga hakim lokal, pada zaman Kekaisaran Tiongkok adalah seorang pejabat yang bertanggung jawab di wilayah county atau tingkat daerah. Hakim adalah pejabat yang memiliki hubungan tatap muka dengan orang-orang dan mengelola semua aspek pemerintahan atas nama kaisar, karena ia diharapkan untuk memerintah dengan cara yang disiplin tetapi tetap peduli dan karena orang-orang diharapkan untuk taat, hakim daerah secara informal dikenal sebagai "Fumu Guan" (Hanzi: 父母官; Pinyin: fùmǔ guān) pejabat yang dianggap sebagai "Ayah dan Ibu" atau "orang tua". (in)
- 県令（けんれい、正字表記：縣令）は、 1.
* 秦以降の中国において、県知事にあたる役職の名称。また、その役職を担う人を指す。 2.
* 日本において、1871年（明治4年）から1886年（明治19年）まで置かれた県の長官。 3.
* 日本において、地方官官制に基づき県知事が発する命令。地方自治法施行後は、県規則という。 (ja)
- 현령(縣令)은 현(縣)의 으뜸 벼슬이다. (ko)
- 縣令，尊稱縣太爺、縣大老爺，雅稱為縣尹（戰國時楚國及元朝為正式官名）、縣宰、百里侯、邑侯、邑宰、邑令等。是中國古代縣級行政區劃的最高官員名稱，掌握所管轄區域的行政、司法、審判、稅務、兵役等大權。县令下设县丞、主簿、縣尉、典史等。宋代以其他官職「知某縣事」，簡稱知縣，事實上為一縣長官；明清時，知縣為正式官名，正七品。但人們習慣稱呼知縣為「縣令」，或使用「明府」、「令君」等雅稱。 (zh)
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| rdfs:comment
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- Hakim daerah (Hanzi sederhana: 县令; Hanzi tradisional: 縣令; Pinyin: xiànlìng) atau dalam bahasa Inggris County Magistrate, terkadang disebut juga hakim lokal, pada zaman Kekaisaran Tiongkok adalah seorang pejabat yang bertanggung jawab di wilayah county atau tingkat daerah. Hakim adalah pejabat yang memiliki hubungan tatap muka dengan orang-orang dan mengelola semua aspek pemerintahan atas nama kaisar, karena ia diharapkan untuk memerintah dengan cara yang disiplin tetapi tetap peduli dan karena orang-orang diharapkan untuk taat, hakim daerah secara informal dikenal sebagai "Fumu Guan" (Hanzi: 父母官; Pinyin: fùmǔ guān) pejabat yang dianggap sebagai "Ayah dan Ibu" atau "orang tua". (in)
- 県令（けんれい、正字表記：縣令）は、 1.
* 秦以降の中国において、県知事にあたる役職の名称。また、その役職を担う人を指す。 2.
* 日本において、1871年（明治4年）から1886年（明治19年）まで置かれた県の長官。 3.
* 日本において、地方官官制に基づき県知事が発する命令。地方自治法施行後は、県規則という。 (ja)
- 현령(縣令)은 현(縣)의 으뜸 벼슬이다. (ko)
- 縣令，尊稱縣太爺、縣大老爺，雅稱為縣尹（戰國時楚國及元朝為正式官名）、縣宰、百里侯、邑侯、邑宰、邑令等。是中國古代縣級行政區劃的最高官員名稱，掌握所管轄區域的行政、司法、審判、稅務、兵役等大權。县令下设县丞、主簿、縣尉、典史等。宋代以其他官職「知某縣事」，簡稱知縣，事實上為一縣長官；明清時，知縣為正式官名，正七品。但人們習慣稱呼知縣為「縣令」，或使用「明府」、「令君」等雅稱。 (zh)
- County magistrate (Chinese: 縣令 or Chinese: 縣長) sometimes called local magistrate, in imperial China was the official in charge of the xian, or county, the lowest level of central government. The magistrate was the official who had face-to-face relations with the people and administered all aspects of government on behalf of the emperor. Because he was expected to rule in a disciplined but caring way and because the people were expected to obey, the county magistrate was informally known as the Fumu Guan (Chinese: 父母官; pinyin: fùmǔ guān), the "Father and Mother" or "parental" official. (en)
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