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- Cheering involves the uttering or making of sounds and may be used to encourage, excite to action, indicate approval or welcome. The word cheer originally meant face, countenance, or expression, and came through Old French into Middle English in the 13th century from Low Latin cara, head; this is generally referred to the Greek καρα;. Cara is used by the 6th-century poet Flavius Cresconius Corippus, Postquam venere verendam Caesilris ante caram (In Laud em Justini Minoris). Cheer was at first qualified with epithets, both of joy and gladness and of sorrow; compare She thanked Dyomede for ale ... his gode chere (Chaucer, Troylus) with If they sing ... tis with so dull a cheere (Shakespeare, Sonnets, xcvii.). An early transference in meaning was to hospitality or entertainment, and hence to food and drink, good cheer. The sense of a shout of encouragement or applause is a late use. Defoe (Captain Singleton) speaks of it as a sailor's word, and the meaning does not appear in Johnson's Dictionary. Of the different words or rather sounds that are used in cheering, "hurrah", though now generally looked on as the typical British form of cheer, is found in various forms in German, Scandinavian, Russian (ura), French (hourra). It is probably onomatopoeic in origin. The English hurrah was preceded by huzza, stated to be a sailors word, and generally connected with heeze, to hoist, probably being one of the cries that sailors use when hauling or hoisting. The German hoch, seen in full in Hoch lebe der Kaiser, &c., the French vive, Italian and Spanish viva, evviva, are cries rather of acclamation than encouragement. The Japanese shout banzai became familiar during the Russo-Japanese War. In reports of parliamentary and other debates the insertion of cheers at any point in a speech indicates that approval was shown by members of the House by emphatic utterances of hear hear. Cheering may be tumultuous, or it may be conducted rhythmically by prearrangement, as in the case of the Hip-hip-hip by way of introduction to a simultaneous hurrah. The saying "hip hip hurrah" dates to the early 1800s. Nevertheless, some sources speculate possible roots going back to the crusaders, then meaning "Jerusalem is lost to the infidel, and we are on our way to paradise". The abbreviation HEP would then stand for Hierosolyma est perdita, "Jerusalem is lost" in Latin. (en)
- Vitorear o dar vivas es una forma de demostrar fidelidad, , conformidad o agrado, similar a aclamar, ovacionar o aplaudir. Como sustantivo se usa la palabra vítor en plural en este contexto (vítores). Los vivas o vítores componen expresiones convencionales, muchas convertidas en lemas, en tópicos literarios e incluso en títulos de obras literarias y artísticas. La ceremonia de doctorado en las antiguas universidades españolas (incluidas las de Indias) incluía un vitoreo del nuevo doctor, e incluso la perpetuación de la memoria de ese acontecimiento con una inscripción mural denominada vítor. La costumbre de dar vivas está muy vinculada con todo tipo de actividades festivas y celebraciones, y con la euforia correspondiente a la comida y bebida de los festines, especialmente con los brindis. Expresiones semejantes aparecen en la antigüedad clásica grecorromana (simposium, epitalamios de las bodas). El poema goliardesco medieval Gaudeamus igitur, muy vinculado al entorno universitario, contiene una retahíla de vivat ("viva" en latín) vitoreando a la academia, a sus profesores y miembros, a las mujeres, etc. (es)
- ( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 응원 (조선) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 응원(應援)은 운동 경기 선수들이 힘을 내도록 도와주는 것을 말한다. (ko)
- エール（yell, イェル）は、応援団や応援する者が応援される者へ発する声のことで、応援手法の一つである。 (ja)
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- ( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 응원 (조선) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 응원(應援)은 운동 경기 선수들이 힘을 내도록 도와주는 것을 말한다. (ko)
- エール（yell, イェル）は、応援団や応援する者が応援される者へ発する声のことで、応援手法の一つである。 (ja)
- Cheering involves the uttering or making of sounds and may be used to encourage, excite to action, indicate approval or welcome. The word cheer originally meant face, countenance, or expression, and came through Old French into Middle English in the 13th century from Low Latin cara, head; this is generally referred to the Greek καρα;. Cara is used by the 6th-century poet Flavius Cresconius Corippus, Postquam venere verendam Caesilris ante caram (In Laud em Justini Minoris). Cheer was at first qualified with epithets, both of joy and gladness and of sorrow; compare She thanked Dyomede for ale ... his gode chere (Chaucer, Troylus) with If they sing ... tis with so dull a cheere (Shakespeare, Sonnets, xcvii.). An early transference in meaning was to hospitality or entertainment, and hence to (en)
- Vitorear o dar vivas es una forma de demostrar fidelidad, , conformidad o agrado, similar a aclamar, ovacionar o aplaudir. Como sustantivo se usa la palabra vítor en plural en este contexto (vítores). Los vivas o vítores componen expresiones convencionales, muchas convertidas en lemas, en tópicos literarios e incluso en títulos de obras literarias y artísticas. La ceremonia de doctorado en las antiguas universidades españolas (incluidas las de Indias) incluía un vitoreo del nuevo doctor, e incluso la perpetuación de la memoria de ese acontecimiento con una inscripción mural denominada vítor. (es)
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