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Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes (see optogenetics). Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants that are sensitive to different colors of light or selective for specific ions (ACRs, KCRs) have been cloned from other species of algae and protists.

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  • Channelrhodopsine (deutsch auch: Kanalrhodopsine) sind Ionenkanäle, die in der Zellmembran bestimmter einzelliger Algen vorkommen. Blaues Licht führt zur Öffnung dieser Kanäle (engl. light-gated) und zum Einstrom von Ionen in die Zelle. Durch Channelrhodopsine wird das Membranpotential und die Ionenkonzentration im Cytosol von der Lichtintensität abhängig. Wird ein Gen für Channelrhodopsin in Nervenzellen eingeschleust, kann die elektrische Erregbarkeit dieser Nervenzellen durch Lichtpulse kontrolliert werden (Optogenetik). Die ersten Channelrhodopsine, die entdeckt wurden, Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) und Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), dienen Grünalgen der Gattung Chlamydomonas als sensorische Photorezeptoren. Sie leiten positiv geladenen Ionen (Kationen) in die Zelle und steuern damit negative und positive phototaxische Reaktionen bei hohem Lichteinfall. VChR1 wurde in der vielzelligen Alge Volvox gefunden; sein Absorptionsmaximum liegt bei einer höheren Wellenlänge als ChR1 und ChR2. Es zeigt aber eine Übereinstimmung der Aminosäuresequenz von 80 % zur ChR1-Gruppe, wodurch diese Proteine als homolog zueinander betrachtet werden. Neben diesen kationen-leitenden Channelrhodopsinen wurden in cryptophyten Algen Channelrhodopsine gefunden, die negativ geladene Ionen (Anionen) leiten. Werden anionenleitende Channelrhodopsine (engl. ACR) in Nervenzellen eingeschleust, können diese Nervenzellen durch Beleuchtung an der Aktivierung gehindert werden (engl. silencing). (de)
  • Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes (see optogenetics). Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants that are sensitive to different colors of light or selective for specific ions (ACRs, KCRs) have been cloned from other species of algae and protists. (en)
  • Channelrhodopsinas são uma subfamília de proteínas retinilideno (rodopsinas) que funcionam como canais iônicos controlados por luz. Eles atuam como fotorreceptores sensoriais em algas verdes unicelulares, controlando a fototaxia: movimento em resposta à luz. Expressos em células de outros organismos, eles permitem que a luz controle a excitabilidade elétrica, a acidez intracelular, o influxo de cálcio e outros processos celulares (ver optogenética). Channelrhodopsina-1 (ChR1) e Channelrhodopsina-2 (ChR2) do organismo modelo Chlamydomonas reinhardtii são as primeiras channelrodopsinas descobertas. Variantes foram clonadas de outras espécies de algas e mais são esperadas. (pt)
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  • Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes (see optogenetics). Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants that are sensitive to different colors of light or selective for specific ions (ACRs, KCRs) have been cloned from other species of algae and protists. (en)
  • Channelrhodopsinas são uma subfamília de proteínas retinilideno (rodopsinas) que funcionam como canais iônicos controlados por luz. Eles atuam como fotorreceptores sensoriais em algas verdes unicelulares, controlando a fototaxia: movimento em resposta à luz. Expressos em células de outros organismos, eles permitem que a luz controle a excitabilidade elétrica, a acidez intracelular, o influxo de cálcio e outros processos celulares (ver optogenética). Channelrhodopsina-1 (ChR1) e Channelrhodopsina-2 (ChR2) do organismo modelo Chlamydomonas reinhardtii são as primeiras channelrodopsinas descobertas. Variantes foram clonadas de outras espécies de algas e mais são esperadas. (pt)
  • Channelrhodopsine (deutsch auch: Kanalrhodopsine) sind Ionenkanäle, die in der Zellmembran bestimmter einzelliger Algen vorkommen. Blaues Licht führt zur Öffnung dieser Kanäle (engl. light-gated) und zum Einstrom von Ionen in die Zelle. Durch Channelrhodopsine wird das Membranpotential und die Ionenkonzentration im Cytosol von der Lichtintensität abhängig. Wird ein Gen für Channelrhodopsin in Nervenzellen eingeschleust, kann die elektrische Erregbarkeit dieser Nervenzellen durch Lichtpulse kontrolliert werden (Optogenetik). (de)
rdfs:label
  • Channelrhodopsin (de)
  • Channelrhodopsin (en)
  • Channelrodopsina (pt)
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