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- Els Banu Jahir (àrab: بنو جهير, Banū Jahīr) o jahírides foren un clan familiar que va controlar el abbàssida durant part del període del sultanat seljúcida. El primer membre destacat fou Abu-Nasr Muhàmmad ibn Muhàmmad ibn Jahir, conegut com a Fakhr-ad-Dawla, d'una família rica de Mossul dedicada al comerç i favorable als emirs Banu Uqayl de Mossul. El 1050, mort l'emir Kirwash, Abu-Nasr Muhàmmad es va traslladar a Alep on va arribar a visir del mirdàsida Thamal Muïzz-ad-Dawla i el 1054 va arribar a visir del marwànida Nasr-ad-Dawla de Mayyafarikin (mort el 1061). El 1061, les lluites entre els fills de Nasr-ad-Dawla, el van aconsellar aprofitar el moment en què el califa necessitava un visir que fos acceptable pel sultà seljúcida, per optar al càrrec i fou nomenat. Durant mig segle ell i la família van conservar el càrrec. Fakhr-ad-Dawla fou visir fins al 1078, excepte un breu període d'unes setze setmanes el 1068. El 1078 va caure en desgràcia però al cap de poc fou substituït pel seu fill Amid-ad-Dawla, que fou proper del visir seljúcida Nidham-al-Mulk, amistat concretada en el casament d'Amid-ad-Dawla amb una filla de Nidham-al-Mulk, que va morir vers el 1078, i després amb una neboda de la seva dona difunta. A la meitat del regnat de Màlik-Xah I (1072-1092), el 1083, el califa al-Muqtadí (1075-1094) que es volia desfer de la tutela seljúcida, el va destituir i va nomenar visir a Abu-Xujà Rudhrawari. Llavors va obtenir de Màlik-Xah tropes per conquerir l'emirat marwànida; el marwànida va obtenir el suport de l'uqaylida Muslim de Mossul, mentre que el general seljúcida Ortuk no li donava el suport esperat. Amid-ad-Dawla va poder conquerir Mayyafarikin, Amida i altres fortaleses de Diyar Bakr, després de setges i finalment la guerra es va acabar el 1085, però impopular i després de malgastar en un any el tresor marwànida, fou destituït per Màlik-Xah (1086). Finalment el 1089 va rebre altre cop la província mentre que el seu pare Fakhr-ad-Dawla rebia de Màlik-Xah el govern de Mossul que l'acabava de conquerir als uqàylides. Fakhr-ad-Dawla va morir en aquesta ciutat el 1090. El 1091 el visir seljúcida Nidham-al-Mulk va aconseguir fer restablir a Amid-ad-Dawla com visir abbàssida càrrec que va conservar fins al 1100, deixant al front del govern del Diyar Bakr el seu germà al-Kafi Dhaïm ar-Ruassà Abu-l-Qàssim Alí (i després el va succeir el seu fill Ibn al-Kafi). El 1094 Tútuix I, germà de Màlik-Xah I, es va apoderar de Diyar Bakr. Al-Kafi va ser nomenat visir del Diyar Bakr però revocat poc després i el territori es va repartir entre diversos caps turcmans. Amid-ad-Dawla, deposat el 1100 per orde del sultà Barkyaruq, fou empresonat i va morir al cap de poc a la presó, el mateix any 1100. El seu germà al-Kafi fou visir del califa al-Mustánsir del 1102 al 1106 i del 1108 al 1113. Encara un altre membre de la família, Nidham-ad-Din Abu-Nasr al-Mudhàffar ibn Muhàmmad ibn Jahir, fou visir del 1140 al 1146. Fou el darrer membre rellevant de la família. (ca)
- The Banū Jahīr, or "the sons of Jahir", were a family that produced several high-ranking government officials who at various times served both the Abbasids and the Seljuks. Most notably, they dominated the Abbasid vizierate for almost 50 years during the second half of the 11th century and then in the early years of the 12th century. They were also known as the Āl Jahīr, or "the people of Jahir". The first member of the Banu Jahir to gain prominence was Fakhr ad-Dawla, who was born in Mosul in 1007 into a rich merchant family. He had the most varied political career of his family, serving five different ruling dynasties during his long career. He originally went into service for the Uqaylid dynasty that ruled Mosul at the time before leaving after the death of Qirwash ibn al-Muqallad in 1049. He went to Aleppo, where he at one point became vizier for the Mirdasid emir Mu'izz al-Dawla Thimal, before eventually joining the court of the Marwanids in Mayyafariqin. In 1062, Fakhr ad-Dawla was appointed vizier to the Abbasid caliph al-Qa'im (replacing the incompetent ), after a short period of swaying him with gifts and money; the administrative ability he had displayed at Mayyafariqin also must have helped his case. Fakhr ad-Dawla's first term as vizier lasted until his dismissal in 1067 as punishment for acting above his station. However, he was reinstated after only four months. At this point, Fakhr ad-Dawla's son also began to play an important role in government and also married the daughter of the powerful Seljuk vizier Nizam al-Mulk. The Banu Jahir oversaw the official mourning after the death of Alp Arslan in 1072, as well as the ceremonial exchange of oaths of loyalty and robes of honor between the caliph and the new Seljuk sultan Malik-Shah I. When al-Qa'im was on his deathbed, he urged his grandson and successor al-Muqtadi to keep the father-and-son team in their official positions, saying that he knew of no better candidates for the job. Al-Muqtadi followed his grandfather's advice and the Banu Jahir kept their positions. In 1077, deadly riots broke out in Baghdad between the city's Hanbali and Ash'ari factions when arrived in town to become lecturer at the city's nizamiyya. During the riots, Nizam al-Mulk's son Mu'ayyad al-Mulk's life was endangered. Nizam al-Mulk blamed Fakhr ad-Dawla for the whole affair and in 1078 sent his representative Gohar-A'in to the caliph to demand Fakhr ad-Dawla's removal. Al-Muqtadi initially balked at the demand, but after Gohar-A'in threatened to use force he was forced to comply – the Abbasids lacked a military of their own and were powerless to resist Seljuk interference. Amid ad-Dawla reacted to this by going to Isfahan to meet with Nizam al-Mulk himself – taking a circuitrous route to avoid Gohar-A'in – and plead his father's case. His efforts were successful and in 1079 the two parties were formally reconciled and the Banu Jahir were rehired by the caliph. They sealed the agreement by arranging a marriage between Amid ad-Dawla and a granddaughter of Nizam al-Mulk – Amid ad-Dawla's previous wife, who was Nizam al-Mulk's daughter, had died in childbirth in 1077. This ended up strengthening the ties between the two vizieral families. A few years later, in 1081, the caliph sent Fakhr ad-Dawla to Isfahan to negotiate marriage with Malik-Shah's daughter. Eventually, he had to go to her foster mother, Turkan Khatun, who was disinterested at first because the Ghaznavid ruler had made a better offer. The two parties negotiated and finally reached an agreement, in which Turkan Khatun imposed heavy conditions on the Abbasid caliph: in return for marrying the Seljuk princess, al-Muqtadi would pay 50,000 dinars plus an additional 100,000 dinars as mahr (bridal gift), give up his current wives and concubines, and agree to not have sexual relations with any other woman. By agreeing to these terms, Fakhr ad-Dawla was putting al-Muqtadi at a severe disadvantage while also benefitting the Seljuks considerably. By this point, it seems that the Banu Jahir were increasingly interested in working with the Seljuks. After al-Muqtadi fired them in 1083, they ended up directly joining the Seljuk administration. The circumstances of their removal from office are somewhat unclear - historians gave varying accounts. In Sibt ibn al-Jawzi's version, al-Muqtadi had become suspicious of the Banu Jahir, prompting them to leave for Khorasan without requesting official permission; this further aroused al-Muqtadi's suspicions and he retroactively fired them after they had left. He then wrote to the Seljuks, telling them specifically not to employ the Banu Jahir in their administration. In Ibn al-Athir's version, the Seljuks at some point approached al-Muqtadi and asked to employ the Banu Jahir themselves, and al-Muqtadi agreed. Al-Bundari offers no details about the firing itself but wrote instead that the Seljuks sent representatives to meet the Banu Jahir in Baghdad (rather than in Khorasan). Whatever the specific details may have been, al-Muqtadi went through a series of candidates to replace the Banu Jahir before finally settling on Abu Shuja al-Rudhrawari as his new vizier. Now under Seljuk employ, Fakhr ad-Dawla made arrangements with Malik-Shah to conquer the territories ruled by the Marwanids. He commanded some of Malik-Shah's troops during the campaign, which turned out to be more difficult than expected because of intervention from the Uqaylid ruler of Mosul, Muslim ibn Quraysh. Amid ad-Dawla and his brother both assisted their father during this campaign. There were sieges of Mayyafariqin, Amid, and other fortresses, and the campaign finally ended in success in 1085. According to Ibn al-Athir, Malik Shah gave Fakhr ad-Dawla administrative control over the Diyar Bakr and granted him the right to have the khutbah proclaimed in his own name alongside Malik Shah's, as well as the right to mint coins with his name on them as well as Malik Shah's. However, Fakhr ad-Dawla quickly became unpopular and was replaced by the end of the year. In 1089, Amid ad-Dawla was granted tax farming rights over the Diyar Bakr; meanwhile, Fakhr ad-Dawla had been appointed governor of Mosul, his birthplace, where he died the next year in 1090. The next year, Nizam al-Mulk convinced the Abbasid caliph al-Muqtadi to hire Amid ad-Dawla as his vizier, replacing al-Rudhrawari once again. Amid ad-Dawla left the Diyar Bakr under his brother al-Kafi's control. Al-Kafi later briefly served as vizier to Tutush when he took over Diyar Bakr after Malik Shah's death. Meanwhile, Amid ad-Dawla would remain Abbasid vizier until 1099 or 1100, when he was removed from office and imprisoned by the Seljuk sultan . There are different accounts for Amid ad-Dawla's downfall – in one, Mu'ayyad al-Mulk, who had succeeded his father Nizam al-Mulk as Seljuk vizier, had offered the Abbasid vizierate to , and the two collaborated to remove him from office without input from Barkyaruq. In another, Barkyaruq himself fired Amid ad-Dawla and fined him "an enormous sum" for misappropriating government funds before imprisoning him. In any case, Amid ad-Dawla died in prison shortly after, in 1100. After Amid ad-Dawla's downfall, his brother al-Kafi served as vizier to the Abbasid caliph al-Mustazhir from 1102/3 until 1106/7 and then again from 1108/9 until 1113/4. The last known prominent member of the Banu Jahir was , who served as and then vizier to the caliph from 1140/1 until 1146/7. (en)
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