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- Der Angriff bis zum Äußersten (wohl aus frz. offensive à outrance entlehnt; wörtlich eigentlich attaque à outrance) – auch bekannt als ohne Rücksicht auf Verluste – ist eine Militärdoktrin, die unter anderem in der Zeit vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg in vielen europäischen Armeen verbreitet war. Sie behauptete, das geballte Voranstürmen bewaffneter Kräfte könne in einer Schlacht den Sieg erzwingen. Rückblickend wird auch von einem „Kult der Offensive“ gesprochen, der zum sinnlosen Massensterben auf den Schlachtfeldern des Ersten Weltkriegs beigetragen habe. Der Begriff wird häufig vor allem auf Frankreich bezogen, allerdings wurde diese Doktrin auch von allen anderen Kriegsparteien praktiziert. (de)
- Attaque à outrance (French: Attack to excess) was the expression of a military philosophy common to many armies in the period before and during the earlier parts of World War I. This philosophy was a response to the increasing weight of defensive firepower that accrued to armies in the nineteenth century, as a result of several technological innovations, notably breech-loading rifled guns, machine guns, and light field artillery firing high-explosive shells. It held that the victor would be the side with the strongest will, courage, and dash/energy (élan), and that every attack must therefore be pushed to the limit. The lethality of artillery, combined with the lack of mobility of infantry, as well as the subsequent development of trench warfare, rendered this tactic extremely costly and usually ineffective. The philosophy is particularly associated with the French, due to its adoption by Noël de Castelnau in the First Battle of Champagne (1914), and by Robert Nivelle in the Nivelle offensive (1917). Joseph Joffre, French chief of general staff from 1911 on, had originally adopted the doctrine for the French military and purged the army of 'defensively-minded' commanders. However, all sides launched large, costly and futile frontal offensives in this style: the British at the Battle of the Somme (1916), the Germans in the First Battle of Ypres (1914), the Russians in the Brusilov offensive (1916), and so on. The origins of this doctrine are traced back to the increasingly militarized 'Warrior Culture' that most European nations developed during the 19th century, where the ideal citizen was the soldier employed by his homeland. This predisposed officers and soldiers towards narrow ideals focusing on blind courage in the face of war's adversity. (en)
- Offensive à outrance est une expression souvent utilisée pour décrire la doctrine de l'armée française de 1911 à 1914. Le principe au niveau stratégique est d'attaquer partout où on le peut, tandis qu'au niveau tactique il s'agit de foncer sur l'adversaire en recherchant le corps à corps. Ce « culte de l'offensive » avait ses opposants avant et pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, mais son application au tout début du conflit est souvent considérée comme une des raisons des défaites françaises d'août 1914 lors de la bataille des Frontières. (fr)
- Offensiva a oltranza (in francese offensive à outrance) è la denominazione con cui fu conosciuta nel periodo precedente la prima guerra mondiale la tattica operativa adottata dall'esercito francese sotto la spinta degli studi di teoria e filosofia bellica sviluppati da alcuni dei principali generali e pensatori militari della nazione. Le truppe francesi iniziarono la prima guerra mondiale impiegando l'aggressiva tattica dell'offensiva ad oltranza e sferrando una serie di attacchi che di regola vennero respinti dalle forze tedesche e costarono perdite elevatissime; tuttavia l'elevato spirito offensivo e la resistenza morale dei soldati francesi permise di vincere la prima battaglia della Marna e fermare l'invasione. Dopo la fine della guerra di movimento e l'inizio della guerra di trincea l'esercito francese rinunciò progressivamente alle sue tattiche offensive preferendo accrescere al massimo la potenza di fuoco fornita dall'artiglieria media e pesante. (it)
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- Der Angriff bis zum Äußersten (wohl aus frz. offensive à outrance entlehnt; wörtlich eigentlich attaque à outrance) – auch bekannt als ohne Rücksicht auf Verluste – ist eine Militärdoktrin, die unter anderem in der Zeit vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg in vielen europäischen Armeen verbreitet war. Sie behauptete, das geballte Voranstürmen bewaffneter Kräfte könne in einer Schlacht den Sieg erzwingen. Rückblickend wird auch von einem „Kult der Offensive“ gesprochen, der zum sinnlosen Massensterben auf den Schlachtfeldern des Ersten Weltkriegs beigetragen habe. Der Begriff wird häufig vor allem auf Frankreich bezogen, allerdings wurde diese Doktrin auch von allen anderen Kriegsparteien praktiziert. (de)
- Offensive à outrance est une expression souvent utilisée pour décrire la doctrine de l'armée française de 1911 à 1914. Le principe au niveau stratégique est d'attaquer partout où on le peut, tandis qu'au niveau tactique il s'agit de foncer sur l'adversaire en recherchant le corps à corps. Ce « culte de l'offensive » avait ses opposants avant et pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, mais son application au tout début du conflit est souvent considérée comme une des raisons des défaites françaises d'août 1914 lors de la bataille des Frontières. (fr)
- Attaque à outrance (French: Attack to excess) was the expression of a military philosophy common to many armies in the period before and during the earlier parts of World War I. This philosophy was a response to the increasing weight of defensive firepower that accrued to armies in the nineteenth century, as a result of several technological innovations, notably breech-loading rifled guns, machine guns, and light field artillery firing high-explosive shells. It held that the victor would be the side with the strongest will, courage, and dash/energy (élan), and that every attack must therefore be pushed to the limit. The lethality of artillery, combined with the lack of mobility of infantry, as well as the subsequent development of trench warfare, rendered this tactic extremely costly and u (en)
- Offensiva a oltranza (in francese offensive à outrance) è la denominazione con cui fu conosciuta nel periodo precedente la prima guerra mondiale la tattica operativa adottata dall'esercito francese sotto la spinta degli studi di teoria e filosofia bellica sviluppati da alcuni dei principali generali e pensatori militari della nazione. (it)
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- Angriff bis zum Äußersten (de)
- Attaque à outrance (en)
- Offensive à outrance (fr)
- Offensiva a oltranza (it)
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