About: Artel

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An artel (Russian: арте́ль) was any of several types of cooperative associations and (later) corporate enterprises in the Tsardom of Russia, the Russian Empire, and the Soviet Union. They began centuries ago but were especially prevalent from the time of the emancipation of the Russian serfs (1861) through the 1950s. In the later Soviet period (1960s–1980s), the term was mostly phased out with the complete monopolization of the Soviet economy by the state.

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  • Artel (russisch артель [arˈtjɛl]) war im Russischen Kaiserreich ein freiwilliger Zusammenschluss von Menschen zur Organisation gemeinsamer wirtschaftlicher Aktivitäten. (de)
  • An artel (Russian: арте́ль) was any of several types of cooperative associations and (later) corporate enterprises in the Tsardom of Russia, the Russian Empire, and the Soviet Union. They began centuries ago but were especially prevalent from the time of the emancipation of the Russian serfs (1861) through the 1950s. In the later Soviet period (1960s–1980s), the term was mostly phased out with the complete monopolization of the Soviet economy by the state. Artels were semiformal associations for craft, artisan, and light industrial enterprises. Often artel members worked far from home and lived as a commune. Payment for a completed job was distributed according to verbal agreements, quite often in equal shares. Often artels were for seasonal industry; fishing, hunting, harvesting of crops, logging, and gathering of wild plants, berries, and mushrooms were prime examples of activities that were in many cases seasonal (although not invariably). In a 1918 article on Russian education and social structures (as of the late period of the Russian Empire, just before the Soviet Union took shape), Manya Gordon described the artel as follows: The Artel (association) is another term for the collective ownership and operation of industry. It is one of the oldest and most widespread institutions in Russia. The most ancient of these is the famous fishing Artel of the Cossacks of the Ural. This association had a membership of 15,000 to 20,000 men whose work was carried on under conditions of absolute equality. The fishing-waters, as well as the necessary equipment, were owned in common. The proceeds were divided equally among the members without regard to special skill or any other considerations. The association as a whole was divided up into groups, or minor Artels, of perhaps a score of workers. Each group had its "Elder" who supervised the work and looked after the accounts. The various branches had complete freedom of action, though they shared expenditures and profits. The organization of the Artel was much simpler than that of the Mir [village collective]. There were no written agreements. Slacking was dealt with by admonition and in chronic cases by expulsion from the Artel. No admission fees were required. All that was required was the capacity and willingness to work. A rather disjointed organization, one would say. On the contrary, it was almost militaristic in the unquestioning obedience rendered to the Elder who was elected annually. Apart from the duties he owed to the Artel, every member was a free agent. I have described the most powerful of the Artels. But this scheme of association was by no means restricted to the fishing industry. As a rule, small groups of men engaged in active labor organize themselves into an Artel. Although the various Artels prefer the communal mode of living, their general characteristics vary. Some associations, unlike the one I have described, do not own their equipment. In that case, by general agreement the wealthier members of the Artel, who supply the necessary implements, receive extra recompense for their property. Again, there is the Artel which is hired by an employer, or a person who supplies the capital. The Artel members share their earnings in common. In the later portion of the era of artels, some formalized types of artels emerged, with internal hierarchy and legal agreements. By the 1960s, Soviet reality had mostly killed the original spirit of the artel institution, such that in Yuri Krotkov's 1967 memoir, the term artel is defined for English-language readers in a footnote as "a small workshop, ostensibly co-operative, but actually under government control." In present-day Russia, there is no legally defined business term "artel" as a type of association; however, some companies use the word "artel" in their name, especially in areas traditionally handled by artels. (en)
  • Un artel (le mot est masculin en français ; en russe, il est féminin) est une « coopérative de production » soviétique. La terre, le bétail et les outils de travail étaient la propriété de la coopérative. Avant la période soviétique, le terme désignait une association de travailleurs autogérée. Le kolkhoze a succédé à l'artel à partir des années 1920. Le terme peut aussi être utilisé dans des domaines non agricoles, par exemple pour l'artel d'édition des femmes. L'anarchiste russe Kropotkine mentionne à de nombreuses reprises les artels dans son ouvrage L'Entraide, un facteur de l'évolution. (fr)
  • Un artel (del ruso: Артель) es, en Rusia y en los antiguos Imperio ruso y Unión Soviética, una asociación voluntaria de personas para la colaboración u otra actividad colectiva, a menudo con participación en los ingresos generales y responsabilidad general con base en la caución solidaria. Este tipo de cooperativas predominaron desde la reforma emancipadora de los siervos de 1861 a la década de 1950. (es)
  • Artel (ros. Артель) – brygada (zespół, grupa) robotników, myśliwych czy rzemieślników. (pl)
  • Artel (Russisch: артель) is een historische term voor verschillende coöperatieve samenwerkingsverbanden in Rusland. Historisch gezien waren artels semi-formele samenwerkingsverbanden binnen verschillende economische sectoren, zoals de visserij, mijnbouw, handel, vrachtladers, houthakkers, dieven of bedelaars. Vaak werkten artels ver van thuis en leefden in een commune. Het werk gebeurde vaak op basis van gemeenschappelijke verantwoordelijkheid. De betaling voor het werk werd vaak geregeld op basis van ; vaak gelijk verdeeld over de deelnemers. Artels werden vaak opgezet voor seizoenswerk. Over de loop van de tijd ontstonden er langzamerhand steeds formelere vormen van artels, waarbij een interne hiërarchie ontstond en afspraken wettelijk werden vastgelegd. Door de komst van het communisme stopte deze vorm van bedrijfsvoering; de en collectivisatie verdween de artel uit het Russische economische landschap. Alleen in de goudmijnbouw werd de artel nog toegestaan. Uit een van deze artels groeide later het bedrijf . In het huidige Rusland wordt de benaming artel niet gebruikt als officiële bedrijfsvorm, al gebruiken sommige bedrijven het woord "artel" in hun bedrijfsnaam, met name in sectoren waarin artels vroeger gemeengoed waren, zoals de en de visserij. (nl)
  • Арте́ль — добровольное объединение людей для совместной работы или иной коллективной деятельности, часто с участием в общих доходах и общей ответственностью на основе круговой поруки. (ru)
  • Арті́ль — добровільне об'єднання групи осіб однакової професії або ремесла, для спільної праці на основі усуспільнення засобів виробництва. Були поширені у 1920 — 1930-х роках, на теренах дореволюційної України, Росії та інших республік СРСР після його утворення 1922 року. Слово артіль запозичене з російської мови (рос. артель, за старим правописом — артѣль) із закономірною вимовою ѣ як [і]. До російської мови це слово потрапило з тюркських, де її походження пояснюють по-різному: від тат. і башк. арт («частина», «тил») + іл («народ», «община»), від тобольсько-татарського урталай («навпіл», «разом»), або від тур. ortak («спільний», «спільник»). (uk)
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  • Artel (russisch артель [arˈtjɛl]) war im Russischen Kaiserreich ein freiwilliger Zusammenschluss von Menschen zur Organisation gemeinsamer wirtschaftlicher Aktivitäten. (de)
  • Un artel (le mot est masculin en français ; en russe, il est féminin) est une « coopérative de production » soviétique. La terre, le bétail et les outils de travail étaient la propriété de la coopérative. Avant la période soviétique, le terme désignait une association de travailleurs autogérée. Le kolkhoze a succédé à l'artel à partir des années 1920. Le terme peut aussi être utilisé dans des domaines non agricoles, par exemple pour l'artel d'édition des femmes. L'anarchiste russe Kropotkine mentionne à de nombreuses reprises les artels dans son ouvrage L'Entraide, un facteur de l'évolution. (fr)
  • Un artel (del ruso: Артель) es, en Rusia y en los antiguos Imperio ruso y Unión Soviética, una asociación voluntaria de personas para la colaboración u otra actividad colectiva, a menudo con participación en los ingresos generales y responsabilidad general con base en la caución solidaria. Este tipo de cooperativas predominaron desde la reforma emancipadora de los siervos de 1861 a la década de 1950. (es)
  • Artel (ros. Артель) – brygada (zespół, grupa) robotników, myśliwych czy rzemieślników. (pl)
  • Арте́ль — добровольное объединение людей для совместной работы или иной коллективной деятельности, часто с участием в общих доходах и общей ответственностью на основе круговой поруки. (ru)
  • An artel (Russian: арте́ль) was any of several types of cooperative associations and (later) corporate enterprises in the Tsardom of Russia, the Russian Empire, and the Soviet Union. They began centuries ago but were especially prevalent from the time of the emancipation of the Russian serfs (1861) through the 1950s. In the later Soviet period (1960s–1980s), the term was mostly phased out with the complete monopolization of the Soviet economy by the state. (en)
  • Artel (Russisch: артель) is een historische term voor verschillende coöperatieve samenwerkingsverbanden in Rusland. Historisch gezien waren artels semi-formele samenwerkingsverbanden binnen verschillende economische sectoren, zoals de visserij, mijnbouw, handel, vrachtladers, houthakkers, dieven of bedelaars. Vaak werkten artels ver van thuis en leefden in een commune. Het werk gebeurde vaak op basis van gemeenschappelijke verantwoordelijkheid. De betaling voor het werk werd vaak geregeld op basis van ; vaak gelijk verdeeld over de deelnemers. Artels werden vaak opgezet voor seizoenswerk. (nl)
  • Арті́ль — добровільне об'єднання групи осіб однакової професії або ремесла, для спільної праці на основі усуспільнення засобів виробництва. Були поширені у 1920 — 1930-х роках, на теренах дореволюційної України, Росії та інших республік СРСР після його утворення 1922 року. (uk)
rdfs:label
  • Artel (de)
  • Artel (en)
  • Artel (es)
  • Artel (fr)
  • Artel (nl)
  • Artel (pl)
  • Артель (ru)
  • Артіль (uk)
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