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- The Japanese American Citizens League (日系アメリカ人市民同盟, Nikkei Amerikajin Shimin Dōmei) is an Asian American civil rights charity, headquartered in San Francisco, with regional chapters across the United States. The Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) describes itself as the oldest and largest Asian American civil rights organization in the United States, focusing on civil and human rights of all Americans, particularly the Asian Pacific American community. The organization was formed in 1929 out of existing Nisei organizations in California and Washington. In its early years, the JACL lobbied for legislation that expanded the citizenship rights of Japanese Americans, and local chapters organized meetings to encourage Nisei to become more politically active. During and leading up to World War II, the JACL was criticized for its decision not to use its political influence to fight the incarceration of Japanese Americans, aiding U.S. intelligence agencies in identifying "disloyal" Issei, and taking a hardline stance against draft resisters in camp. These issues remain a source of division within the Japanese American community and the organization itself. After the war, the JACL returned its primary focus to civil rights legislation, lobbying Congress and bringing lawsuits to overturn or amend laws regarding interracial marriage, segregation, and race-based restrictions on immigration and naturalization. In the 1970s, after some initial disagreement among leaders, the organization became involved in the movement for redress for the wartime incarceration. The influence of JACL lobbyists was a key factor in the passage of the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, which formally acknowledged the unconstitutionality of and provided reparations for the incarceration. A younger generation of JACL leadership has made an effort to acknowledge the consequences of its wartime actions, officially apologizing for its condemnation of Nisei draft resisters in 2002. Today, the national organization consists of 100-plus chapters, mostly located in major cities and metropolitan areas across the US. These chapters are separated geographically into seven district councils, each of which is headed by a district governor. The organization is guided by a board of elected officials, consisting of the officers and district governors. As demographic and political shifts changed the face of the Japanese American community since 2000, the JACL expanded its mission to protect the rights of other Asian Pacific Americans and people of all ethnic groups, and to focus on issues important to the hapa identities of younger, mixed-race members. In 1994, the JACL became the first non-LGBTQ organization after the ACLU to support marriage equality. (en)
- Liga Warga Jepang Amerika (bahasa Jepang: 日系アメリカ人市民同盟, Nikkei Amerikajin Shimin Dōmei), disingkat LWJA adalah sebuah badan amal hak-hak sipil yang diinisiasi oleh warga Amerika Serikat keturunan Asia, khususnya Jepang. Badan amal ini berpusat di San Francisco, dengan cabang regional di seluruh Amerika Serikat. LWJA dirikan pada 1929 melalui penggabungan beberapa organisasi bentukan keturunan Jepang-Amerika. Pada 1930, konferensi pertama LWJA diadakan di Seattle. LWJA pada masa lalu bertindak sebagai juru bicara masyarakat Jepang yang ada di pesisir barat Amerika Serikat, khususnya California. (in)
- 日系アメリカ人市民同盟（にっけいアメリカじんしみんどうめい、英語: Japanese American Citizens League、略称: JACL） は、アメリカ合衆国カリフォルニア州サンフランシスコに本部を置く、アジア系アメリカ人の権利擁護と、同性結婚への支持を目的とした公民権団体。アメリカ国内では、最古かつ最大のアジア系アメリカ人による人権団体である。 (ja)
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- Liga Warga Jepang Amerika (bahasa Jepang: 日系アメリカ人市民同盟, Nikkei Amerikajin Shimin Dōmei), disingkat LWJA adalah sebuah badan amal hak-hak sipil yang diinisiasi oleh warga Amerika Serikat keturunan Asia, khususnya Jepang. Badan amal ini berpusat di San Francisco, dengan cabang regional di seluruh Amerika Serikat. LWJA dirikan pada 1929 melalui penggabungan beberapa organisasi bentukan keturunan Jepang-Amerika. Pada 1930, konferensi pertama LWJA diadakan di Seattle. LWJA pada masa lalu bertindak sebagai juru bicara masyarakat Jepang yang ada di pesisir barat Amerika Serikat, khususnya California. (in)
- 日系アメリカ人市民同盟（にっけいアメリカじんしみんどうめい、英語: Japanese American Citizens League、略称: JACL） は、アメリカ合衆国カリフォルニア州サンフランシスコに本部を置く、アジア系アメリカ人の権利擁護と、同性結婚への支持を目的とした公民権団体。アメリカ国内では、最古かつ最大のアジア系アメリカ人による人権団体である。 (ja)
- The Japanese American Citizens League (日系アメリカ人市民同盟, Nikkei Amerikajin Shimin Dōmei) is an Asian American civil rights charity, headquartered in San Francisco, with regional chapters across the United States. The Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) describes itself as the oldest and largest Asian American civil rights organization in the United States, focusing on civil and human rights of all Americans, particularly the Asian Pacific American community. The organization was formed in 1929 out of existing Nisei organizations in California and Washington. (en)
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