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Subject Item
dbr:Serapeum_of_Alexandria
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Serapeion Sérapéum d'Alexandrie Serapeo di Alessandria Alexandriako Serapeuma Serapeu de Alexandria Serapeum of Alexandria Serapeum von Alexandria Serapeum de Alejandría Serapeu d'Alexandria Serapeum Aleksandria Σεραπείο της Αλεξανδρείας سرابيوم (الإسكندرية)
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The Serapeum of Alexandria in the Ptolemaic Kingdom was an ancient Greek temple built by Ptolemy III Euergetes (reigned 246–222 BC) and dedicated to Serapis, who was made the protector of Alexandria. There are also signs of Harpocrates. It has been referred to as the daughter of the Library of Alexandria. The site has been heavily plundered. Alexandriako Serapeuma edo Serapeoa, Serapisen gurtzarako santutegi monumental bat izan zen, K. a. 300ean Ptolomeo I.a Soterrek sortutakoa eta Alexandria hirian kokatutakoa. Tradizioa, Plutarko entsegugile eta biografialari handiak (46-125) ematen dituen berrietan oinarritzen da, Egiptoko Ptolomeo I.a Soter faraoiak, Sinopen (gaur egungo Turkiako Sinop hirian) zegoen jainkoaren estatua lapurtu zuela dioena, Itsaso Beltzaren kostaldean dagoen hiria, Krimeako kostaldearen parean. Historian zehar, aditu askok aztertu dute gai hau, eta batzuk, Plutarkoren istorioa errealitate historikoarekin ez datorrela bat diote. Das Serapeum von Alexandria wurde als Tempel der neuen synkretischen ägyptisch-hellenistischen Gottheit Serapis gewidmet und galt als das bekannteste der Antike. سرابيوم هو معبد أثري يوجد في منطقة تل عمود السواري. حظي هذا المعبد بأهمية سياحية كمكان للاستشفاء، يتوافد عليه المرضى أو طالبو الشفاء عن طريق الأحلام أو يسمي باحتضان المرض، حيث كان هناك حجرات حول معبد لسكن هؤلاء المرضى من المتعبدين للإلهة سرابيس. El Serapeu (o Serapèum) d'Alexandria va ser un monumental santuari per al culte de Serapis, fundat l'any 300 aC per Ptolemeu I Sòter i ubicat a la ciutat d'Alexandria. La tradició es recolza en les notícies que dona el gran assagista i biògraf grec Plutarc (c 46 - 125), que assegura que el rei d'Egipte Ptolemeu I Sòter va robar l'estàtua del déu que es trobava en Sinope (l 'actual Sinope de Turquia, ciutat situada a la vora del mar Negre, enfront de les costes de Crimea). Al llarg de la història, molts experts han estudiat aquest tema i alguns asseguren que el relat de Plutarc no s'ajusta a la realitat històrica. Το Σεραπείο της Αλεξανδρείας, κατά άλλους Σαράπιο, Σαραπείο ή Σεράπιο ήταν ναός αφιερωμένος στην ελληνιστική θεότητα του Σέραπη, της υψηλότερης θεότητας στην Αλεξάνδρεια, και ήταν το πιο ξακουστό Σεραπείο της αρχαιότητας. Η ύπαρξή του επιβεβαιώθηκε από τις αρχαιολογικές ανασκαφές του Μαχμούτ μπέη. O Serapeu de Alexandria, no Egito Ptolemaico, era um templo construído por Ptolomeu III (r. 246–222 a.C.) e dedicado a Serápis, protetor de Alexandria. Em todos os relatos que nos chegaram, o Serapeu era o maior e o mais belo de todos os templos do quarteirão grego da cidade. Além da imagem do deus, o recinto do templo abrigava uma parte da coleção da grande Biblioteca de Alexandria. O geógrafo Estrabão conta que ele ficava na zona oeste da cidade e atualmente nada resta dele acima da terra. Le Sérapéum d'Alexandrie (du grec : Σεραπεῖον, Serapeion) était dans l'Antiquité un sanctuaire dédié à Sarapis situé à Alexandrie, en Égypte. Selon les sources antiques, le culte gréco-égyptien de Sarapis fut établi par Ptolémée Ier, mais sans doute à Memphis. Les fouilles archéologiques indiquent que le temple d'Alexandrie fut fondé sous Ptolémée III. Il se trouvait dans le quartier égyptien de Rakôtis, au sud-ouest de la ville, sur un terrain surélevé qui le faisait surnommer l'« Acropole d'Alexandrie ». Il contenait une célèbre statue de Bryaxis, à l'origine représentation de Pluton qui se trouvait à Sinope et que Ptolémée Ier fit venir en Égypte en la réinterprétant comme Sarapis. Serapeum Alexandria di Kerajaan Ptolemaik adalah sebuah yang dibangun oleh (memerintah 246–222 SM) dan didedikasikan kepada Serapis, yang dijadikan pelindung Aleksandria. Terdapat juga tanda-tanda . Tempat tersebut dijuluki sebagai putri dari Perpustakaan Aleksandria.. El Serapeum de Alejandría o Serapeo fue un monumental santuario para el culto de Serapis, fundado en el año 300 a. C. por Ptolomeo I Sóter y ubicado en la ciudad de Alejandría. La tradición se apoya en las noticias que da el gran ensayista y biógrafo griego Plutarco (c. 46-125), que asegura que el rey de Egipto Ptolomeo I Sóter robó la estatua del dios que se encontraba en Sinope —la actual Sinop de Turquía, ciudad situada en la orilla del mar Negro, frente a las costas de Crimea—. A lo largo de la historia, muchos expertos han estudiado este tema y algunos aseguran que el relato de Plutarco no se ajusta a la realidad histórica.[cita requerida] Serapeion (grekiska alternativt latin: Serapium eller Akropolis) var ett tempel i den västra stadsdelen Rhakotis i gamla Alexandria i Egypten. Templet var ett av flera tempel helgade åt den egyptiske guden Serapis. I templet fanns en del av biblioteket i Alexandria och var oskadat då Julius Caesar intog Alexandria; bibliotekets samlingar i Museion i östra staden förstördes år 48–47 f.Kr. Senare skänkte Marcus Antonius till sin hustru Kleopatra VII volymerna från det av romarna erövrade biblioteket i Pergamon (den tidens näst största bibliotek, även det mycket innehållsrikt) och dessa förvarades i Serapeion. Il Serapeo di Alessandria (in greco antico: Σεραπεῖον, Serapeion; in latino: Serapeum) è un serapeo, un tempio dedicato alla divinità sincretica Serapide, che si trovava ad Alessandria d'Egitto e fu costruito durante il regno di Tolomeo III (che regnò dal 246 a.C. al 222 a.C.).
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About this period, the bishop of Alexandria, to whom the temple of Dionysus had, at his own request, been granted by the emperor, converted the edifice into a church. The statues were removed, the adyta were exposed; and, in order to cast contumely on the pagan mysteries, he made a procession for the display of these objects; the phalli , and whatever other object had been concealed in the adyta which really was, or seemed to be, ridiculous, he made a public exhibition of. The pagans, amazed at so unexpected an exposure, could not suffer it in silence, but conspired together to attack the Christians. They killed many of the Christians, wounded others, and seized the Serapion, a temple which was conspicuous for beauty and vastness and which was seated on an eminence. This they converted into a temporary citadel; and hither they conveyed many of the Christians, put them to the torture, and compelled them to offer sacrifice. Those who refused compliance were crucified, had both legs broken, or were put to death in some cruel manner. When the sedition had prevailed for some time, the rulers came and urged the people to remember the laws, to lay down their arms, and to give up the Serapion. There came then Romanus, the general of the military legions in Egypt; and Evagrius was the prefect of Alexandria. As their efforts, however, to reduce the people to submission were utterly in vain, they made known what had transpired to the emperor. Those who had shut themselves up in the Serapion prepared a more spirited resistance, from fear of the punishment that they knew would await their audacious proceedings, and they were further instigated to revolt by the inflammatory discourses of a man named Olympius, attired in the garments of a philosopher, who told them that they ought to die rather than neglect the gods of their fathers. Perceiving that they were greatly dispirited by the destruction of the idolatrous statues, he assured them that such a circumstance did not warrant their renouncing their religion; for that the statues were composed of corruptible materials, and were mere pictures, and therefore would disappear; whereas, the powers which had dwelt within them, had flown to heaven. By such representations as these, he retained the multitude with him in the Serapion. When the emperor was informed of these occurrences, he declared that the Christians who had been slain were blessed, inasmuch as they had been admitted to the honor of martyrdom, and had suffered in defense of the faith. He offered free pardon to those who had slain them, hoping that by this act of clemency they would be the more readily induced to embrace Christianity; and he commanded the demolition of the temples in Alexandria which had been the cause of the popular sedition. It is said that, when this imperial edict was read in public, the Christians uttered loud shouts of joy, because the emperor laid the odium of what had occurred upon the pagans. The people who were guarding the Serapion were so terrified at hearing these shouts, that they took to flight, and the Christians immediately obtained possession of the spot, which they have retained ever since. I have been informed that, on the night preceding this occurrence, Olympius heard the voice of one singing hallelujah in the Serapion. The doors were shut and everything was still; and as he could see no one, but could only hear the voice of the singer, he at once understood what the sign signified; and unknown to any one he quitted the Serapion and embarked for Italy. It is said that when the temple was being demolished, some stones were found, on which were hieroglyphic characters in the form of a cross, which on being submitted to the inspection of the learned, were interpreted as signifying the life to come. These characters led to the conversion of several of the pagans, as did likewise other inscriptions found in the same place, and which contained predictions of the destruction of the temple. It was thus that the Serapion was taken, and, a little while after, converted into a church; it received the name of the Emperor Arcadius. One of the soldiers, better protected by faith than by his weapon, grabs a double-edged axe, steadies himself and, with all his might, hits the jaw of the old statue. Hitting the worm-eaten wood, blackened by the sacrificial smoke, many times again, he brings it down piece by piece, and each is carried to the fire that someone else has already started, where the dry wood vanishes in flames. The head goes down, then the feet are hacked, and finally the god's limbs are ripped from the torso with ropes. And so it happens that, a piece at a time, the senile buffoon is burned right in front of its adorer, Alexandria. The torso, which had remained unscathed, was burned in the amphitheatre, in a final act of contumely. [...] A brick at a time, the building is taken apart by the righteous in the name of our Lord God: the columns are broken, the walls knocked down. The gold, the fabrics and precious marbles are removed from the impious stones imbued with the devil. [...] The temple, its priests and the wicked sinners are now vanquished and relegated to the flames of hell, as the vain superstition and the ancient demon Serapis are finally destroyed. - Tyrannius Rufinus, Historia ecclesiastica, 2: 23
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Rufinus' account Sozomen's account
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The Serapeum, splendid to a point that words would only diminish its beauty, has such spacious rooms flanked by columns, filled with such life-like statues and a multitude of other works of such art, that nothing, except the Capitolium, which attests to Rome's venerable eternity, can be considered as ambitious in the whole world. Serapeum, quod licet minuatur exilitate verborum, atriis tamen columnariis amplissimis et spirantibus signorum figmentis et reliqua operum multitudine ita est exornatum, ut post Capitolium, quo se venerabilis Roma in aeternum attollit, nihil orbis terrarum ambitiosius cernat.
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Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae, XXII, 16
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Serapeion (grekiska alternativt latin: Serapium eller Akropolis) var ett tempel i den västra stadsdelen Rhakotis i gamla Alexandria i Egypten. Templet var ett av flera tempel helgade åt den egyptiske guden Serapis. I templet fanns en del av biblioteket i Alexandria och var oskadat då Julius Caesar intog Alexandria; bibliotekets samlingar i Museion i östra staden förstördes år 48–47 f.Kr. Senare skänkte Marcus Antonius till sin hustru Kleopatra VII volymerna från det av romarna erövrade biblioteket i Pergamon (den tidens näst största bibliotek, även det mycket innehållsrikt) och dessa förvarades i Serapeion. Flera historiker anser att Serapeion-templet förstördes år 389 e.Kr. på initiativ av den kristne ärkebiskopen i Alexandria, Theofilos som utverkat tillstånd av kejsar Theodosius den store under förföljelserna mot hedningarna. Serapeion var ett namn för de tempel som uppfördes åt guden Serapis, och det fanns flera helgedomar med detta namn. Det fanns ett annat berömt Serapis-tempel i Memfis. Το Σεραπείο της Αλεξανδρείας, κατά άλλους Σαράπιο, Σαραπείο ή Σεράπιο ήταν ναός αφιερωμένος στην ελληνιστική θεότητα του Σέραπη, της υψηλότερης θεότητας στην Αλεξάνδρεια, και ήταν το πιο ξακουστό Σεραπείο της αρχαιότητας. Η ύπαρξή του επιβεβαιώθηκε από τις αρχαιολογικές ανασκαφές του Μαχμούτ μπέη. Il Serapeo di Alessandria (in greco antico: Σεραπεῖον, Serapeion; in latino: Serapeum) è un serapeo, un tempio dedicato alla divinità sincretica Serapide, che si trovava ad Alessandria d'Egitto e fu costruito durante il regno di Tolomeo III (che regnò dal 246 a.C. al 222 a.C.). Das Serapeum von Alexandria wurde als Tempel der neuen synkretischen ägyptisch-hellenistischen Gottheit Serapis gewidmet und galt als das bekannteste der Antike. El Serapeu (o Serapèum) d'Alexandria va ser un monumental santuari per al culte de Serapis, fundat l'any 300 aC per Ptolemeu I Sòter i ubicat a la ciutat d'Alexandria. La tradició es recolza en les notícies que dona el gran assagista i biògraf grec Plutarc (c 46 - 125), que assegura que el rei d'Egipte Ptolemeu I Sòter va robar l'estàtua del déu que es trobava en Sinope (l 'actual Sinope de Turquia, ciutat situada a la vora del mar Negre, enfront de les costes de Crimea). Al llarg de la història, molts experts han estudiat aquest tema i alguns asseguren que el relat de Plutarc no s'ajusta a la realitat històrica. Els historiadors confirmen que aquest déu és producte del sincretisme de les mitologies egípcia i grega. Serapis integra les divinitats Osiris i Apis egípcies, el culte s'associava amb els déus grecs Zeus i Hades. Ptolemeu Sòter el va fer senyor tutelar d'Alexandria en una magistral operació politicoreligiosa, aconseguint que tant els egipcis més tradicionalistes com la població grega més o menys nova acceptessin a aquest déu representat com un home amb barba, sedent i amb una espècie de cistell al cap, símbol de la fertilitat de la terra, ja que se'l suposa ple de llavors. El serapeu tenia una important biblioteca que va ser destruïda per Teòfil d'Alexandria en la seva persecució d'escrits herètics. Alexandriako Serapeuma edo Serapeoa, Serapisen gurtzarako santutegi monumental bat izan zen, K. a. 300ean Ptolomeo I.a Soterrek sortutakoa eta Alexandria hirian kokatutakoa. Tradizioa, Plutarko entsegugile eta biografialari handiak (46-125) ematen dituen berrietan oinarritzen da, Egiptoko Ptolomeo I.a Soter faraoiak, Sinopen (gaur egungo Turkiako Sinop hirian) zegoen jainkoaren estatua lapurtu zuela dioena, Itsaso Beltzaren kostaldean dagoen hiria, Krimeako kostaldearen parean. Historian zehar, aditu askok aztertu dute gai hau, eta batzuk, Plutarkoren istorioa errealitate historikoarekin ez datorrela bat diote. Historialariek, jainko hau, greziar eta egiptoar mitologien arteko sinkretismoaren ondorio dela baieztatzen dute. Serapisek, Osiris eta Apis jainko egiptoarrak barneratzen ditu, hauen gurtza, greziar mitologiako Zeus eta Hadesekin lotzen zena. Ptolomeo I.a Soterrek, Alexandriako jainko zaindaria bihurtu zuen maisuzko ekintza politiko batean, egiptoar tradizionalistenek zein, gutxi gora-behera berria zen greziar biztanleriak jainko hau onartzea lortu zuena. Jainko hau, bizardun gizon bat bezala, eserita, eta buruan saski antzeko bat duela irudikatu zen, lurraren emankortasunaren ikurra, haziz betea dagoela suposatzen baita. O Serapeu de Alexandria, no Egito Ptolemaico, era um templo construído por Ptolomeu III (r. 246–222 a.C.) e dedicado a Serápis, protetor de Alexandria. Em todos os relatos que nos chegaram, o Serapeu era o maior e o mais belo de todos os templos do quarteirão grego da cidade. Além da imagem do deus, o recinto do templo abrigava uma parte da coleção da grande Biblioteca de Alexandria. O geógrafo Estrabão conta que ele ficava na zona oeste da cidade e atualmente nada resta dele acima da terra. Escavações no local onde está a Coluna de Diocleciano, em 1944, revelaram os depósitos fundacionais do Serapeu, dois conjuntos de dez placas, de ouro, prata, bronze, faiança, lama seca ao sol do Nilo e mais cinco de vidro opaco. A inscrição dedicatória de Ptolomeu III, em língua grega e em hieróglifos, está em todas elas; evidências sugerem que foi nomeado arquiteto principal. Os depósitos de um templo dedicado a Harpócrates, do reinado de Ptolomeu IV, também foi encontrado dentro do perímetro demarcado pelos muros. As galerias subterrâneas abaixo do templo eram provavelmente o local onde se realizavam os mistérios de Serápis. Em 1895, uma estátua de diorito negro representando Serápis em sua encarnação como o touro Ápis, com o disco do sol entre seus chifres, foi encontrada no local e uma inscrição indica ser da época do imperador Adriano (r. 117–138) Serapeum Alexandria di Kerajaan Ptolemaik adalah sebuah yang dibangun oleh (memerintah 246–222 SM) dan didedikasikan kepada Serapis, yang dijadikan pelindung Aleksandria. Terdapat juga tanda-tanda . Tempat tersebut dijuluki sebagai putri dari Perpustakaan Aleksandria.. سرابيوم هو معبد أثري يوجد في منطقة تل عمود السواري. حظي هذا المعبد بأهمية سياحية كمكان للاستشفاء، يتوافد عليه المرضى أو طالبو الشفاء عن طريق الأحلام أو يسمي باحتضان المرض، حيث كان هناك حجرات حول معبد لسكن هؤلاء المرضى من المتعبدين للإلهة سرابيس. Le Sérapéum d'Alexandrie (du grec : Σεραπεῖον, Serapeion) était dans l'Antiquité un sanctuaire dédié à Sarapis situé à Alexandrie, en Égypte. Selon les sources antiques, le culte gréco-égyptien de Sarapis fut établi par Ptolémée Ier, mais sans doute à Memphis. Les fouilles archéologiques indiquent que le temple d'Alexandrie fut fondé sous Ptolémée III. Il se trouvait dans le quartier égyptien de Rakôtis, au sud-ouest de la ville, sur un terrain surélevé qui le faisait surnommer l'« Acropole d'Alexandrie ». Il contenait une célèbre statue de Bryaxis, à l'origine représentation de Pluton qui se trouvait à Sinope et que Ptolémée Ier fit venir en Égypte en la réinterprétant comme Sarapis. Les vestiges archéologiques indiquent que le culte y était très syncrétique : plaques de fondation bilingues où le nom de Sarapis apparaît aussi sous la forme égyptienne « Oser-Api » (Wsjr-Ḥp) ; statue du taureau Apis en granit noir, aujourd'hui au musée gréco-romain d'Alexandrie ; deux obélisques et deux sphinx en granit rouge. On y installa aussi une annexe de la célèbre bibliothèque d'Alexandrie qui, à l'époque romaine, était un centre d'études actif. Il fut détruit en 392, sous l'impulsion de Théophile, évêque d'Alexandrie : à la suite d’une émeute sanglante entre chrétiens et païens, provoquée par la ridiculisation de statues de dieux païens par les chrétiens, les païens se réfugient dans le Sérapéum. Plus tard, la lettre de l’empereur, qui commençait par une dénonciation enflammée des anciens dieux, autorisait les chrétiens à saccager le temple et décrétait sa démolition. Il fut entièrement rasé et remplacé par une église chrétienne. Il n'en reste que la colonne dédicatoire de Dioclétien, plus connue sous l'appellation de colonne de Pompée. * Vestiges et souterrains * * * * * * * El Serapeum de Alejandría o Serapeo fue un monumental santuario para el culto de Serapis, fundado en el año 300 a. C. por Ptolomeo I Sóter y ubicado en la ciudad de Alejandría. La tradición se apoya en las noticias que da el gran ensayista y biógrafo griego Plutarco (c. 46-125), que asegura que el rey de Egipto Ptolomeo I Sóter robó la estatua del dios que se encontraba en Sinope —la actual Sinop de Turquía, ciudad situada en la orilla del mar Negro, frente a las costas de Crimea—. A lo largo de la historia, muchos expertos han estudiado este tema y algunos aseguran que el relato de Plutarco no se ajusta a la realidad histórica.[cita requerida] Los historiadores confirman que este dios es producto del sincretismo de las mitologías egipcia y griega. Serapis integra las divinidades Osiris y Apis egipcias, cuyo culto se asociaba con los dioses griegos Zeus y Hades. Ptolomeo Sóter lo hizo señor tutelar de Alejandría en una magistral operación política, consiguiendo que tanto los egipcios más tradicionalistas como la población griega más o menos nueva aceptaran a este dios representado como un hombre con barba, sedente y con una especie de cesto en la cabeza, símbolo de la fertilidad de la tierra, puesto que se le supone lleno de semillas. The Serapeum of Alexandria in the Ptolemaic Kingdom was an ancient Greek temple built by Ptolemy III Euergetes (reigned 246–222 BC) and dedicated to Serapis, who was made the protector of Alexandria. There are also signs of Harpocrates. It has been referred to as the daughter of the Library of Alexandria. The site has been heavily plundered.
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