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Statements

Subject Item
dbr:Civil_liberties_in_the_United_Kingdom
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الحريات المدنية في المملكة المتحدة Civil liberties in the United Kingdom
rdfs:comment
الحريات المدنية في المملكة المتحدة لديها تاريخ طويل في تكوينها. وقد بدأ مع الوثيقة العظمى عام 1215، وهي وثيقة تاريخية في تاريخ دستور المملكة المتحدة. تطورت الحريات المدنية المتقدمة في القانون العام والقانون الأساسي في القرنين السابع عشر والثامن عشر، ولا سيما مع شرعة الحقوق 1689. خلال القرن التاسع عشر، ناضل الناس من الطبقة العاملة للفوز بالحق في التصويت والانضمام إلى نقابات العمال. ورد البرلمان بتشريعات جديدة، وتطورت المواقف من الاقتراع والحريات العامة بشكل أكبر في أعقاب الحربين العالميتين الأولى والثانية. ومنذ ذلك الحين، توسطت علاقة المملكة المتحدة بالحريات المدنية من خلال عضويتها في الاتفاقية الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان. وقادت المملكة المتحدة، من خلال السير ديفيد ماكسويل-فييف، صياغة الاتفاقية، التي تعبر عن نظرية تحررية مدنية تقليدية. أصبح تطبيقًا مباشرًا في قانون المملكة المتحدة بسن قانون حقو Civil liberties in the United Kingdom are part of UK constitutional law and have a long and formative history. This is usually considered to have begun with Magna Carta of 1215, a landmark document in British constitutional history. Development of civil liberties advanced in common law and statute law in the 17th and 18th centuries, notably with the Bill of Rights 1689. During the 19th century, working-class people struggled to win the right to vote and join trade unions. Parliament responded with new legislation beginning with the Reform Act 1832. Attitudes towards suffrage and liberties progressed further in the aftermath of the first and second world wars. Since then, the United Kingdom's relationship to civil liberties has been mediated through its membership of the European Convention
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الحريات المدنية في المملكة المتحدة لديها تاريخ طويل في تكوينها. وقد بدأ مع الوثيقة العظمى عام 1215، وهي وثيقة تاريخية في تاريخ دستور المملكة المتحدة. تطورت الحريات المدنية المتقدمة في القانون العام والقانون الأساسي في القرنين السابع عشر والثامن عشر، ولا سيما مع شرعة الحقوق 1689. خلال القرن التاسع عشر، ناضل الناس من الطبقة العاملة للفوز بالحق في التصويت والانضمام إلى نقابات العمال. ورد البرلمان بتشريعات جديدة، وتطورت المواقف من الاقتراع والحريات العامة بشكل أكبر في أعقاب الحربين العالميتين الأولى والثانية. ومنذ ذلك الحين، توسطت علاقة المملكة المتحدة بالحريات المدنية من خلال عضويتها في الاتفاقية الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان. وقادت المملكة المتحدة، من خلال السير ديفيد ماكسويل-فييف، صياغة الاتفاقية، التي تعبر عن نظرية تحررية مدنية تقليدية. أصبح تطبيقًا مباشرًا في قانون المملكة المتحدة بسن قانون حقوق الإنسان لعام 1998. عادة ما ينظر إلى العلاقة بين حقوق الإنسان والحريات المدنية على أنها وجهان لعملة واحدة. الحق هو شيء قد تطالب به، في حين أن الحرية هي الحرية من تدخل شخص آخر في حقوقك المفترضة. ومع ذلك، حقوق الإنسان أوسع. في الوثائق العديدة حول العالم، ينطوي ذلك على مزيد من التأكيدات الأخلاقية الجوهرية حول ما هو ضروري، على سبيل المثال، من أجل «الحياة والحرية والسعي لتحقيق السعادة»، «لتطوير شخصية الفرد إلى أقصى إمكانات» أو «حماية الكرامة التي لا يجوز انتهاكها». «الحريات المدنية» هي بالتأكيد، لكنها مدنية بشكل واضح، وتتصل بالمشاركة في الحياة العامة. كمايكتب الأستاذ كونور جيرتي: «الحريات المدنية هي اسم آخر للحريات السياسية التي يجب أن تكون متاحة لنا جميعًا إذا كان صحيحًا أن نقول لنا إننا نعيش في مجتمع يلتزم بمبدأ الحكومة التمثيلية أو الديمقراطية. بعبارة أخرى، الحريات المدنية هي "الحقوق" أو "الحريات" التي تدعم الديمقراطية. وهذا يعني عادة حق التصويت، والحق في الحياة، وحظر التعذيب، وأمن الشخص، والحق في الحرية الشخصية ومراعاة الأصول القانونية، وحرية التعبير وحرية تكوين الجمعيات.» Civil liberties in the United Kingdom are part of UK constitutional law and have a long and formative history. This is usually considered to have begun with Magna Carta of 1215, a landmark document in British constitutional history. Development of civil liberties advanced in common law and statute law in the 17th and 18th centuries, notably with the Bill of Rights 1689. During the 19th century, working-class people struggled to win the right to vote and join trade unions. Parliament responded with new legislation beginning with the Reform Act 1832. Attitudes towards suffrage and liberties progressed further in the aftermath of the first and second world wars. Since then, the United Kingdom's relationship to civil liberties has been mediated through its membership of the European Convention on Human Rights. The United Kingdom, through Sir David Maxwell-Fyfe, led the drafting of the Convention, which expresses a traditional civil libertarian theory. It became directly applicable in UK law with the enactment of the Human Rights Act 1998. Civil liberties have been gradually declining in the United Kingdom since the late 20th century. Their removal has been generally justified by appeals to public safety and National Security and hastened on by crises such as the September 11 attacks, the 7/7 bombings and the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic oversaw the introduction of the Coronavirus Act 2020, which was described by former Justice of the Supreme Court Lord Sumption as "the greatest invasion of personal liberty in [the UK's] history." The relationship between human rights and civil liberties is often seen as two sides of the same coin. A right is something you may demand of someone, while a liberty is freedom from interference by another in your presumed rights. However, human rights are broader. In the numerous documents around the world, they involve more substantive moral assertions on what is necessary, for instance, for "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness", "to develop one's personality to the fullest potential" or "protect inviolable dignity". "Civil liberties" are certainly that, but they are distinctly civil, and relate to participation in public life. As Professor Conor Gearty writes, Civil liberties is another name for the political freedoms that we must have available to us all if it to be true to say of us that we live in a society that adheres to the principle of representative, or democratic, government. In other words, civil liberties are the "rights" or "freedoms" which underpin democracy. This usually means the right to vote, the right to life, the prohibition on torture, security of the person, the right to personal liberty and due process of law, freedom of expression and freedom of association.
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