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- Ústavní činitel je souhrnné označení pro volené i jmenované představitele státu a nejvyšší úředníky, pokud jsou jejich funkce výslovně uvedeny v Ústavě. (cs)
- Verfassungsorgan (auch Oberstes Verfassungsorgan und bei Bundesstaaten auf Bundesebene Oberstes Bundesorgan) wird u. a. im deutschen Verfassungsrecht ein Staatsorgan bezeichnet, dessen Rechte und Pflichten in der Staatsverfassung festgeschrieben sind und das überdies an der Gesamtwillensbildung des Staates mitwirkt. Vom Verfassungsorgan zu unterscheiden ist die Person, die in ihm tätig wird (Organwalter). (de)
- A constitutional institution, constitutional body or constitutional organ is a government institution created by a constitution. As these institutions derives its powers, duties and responsibilities directly from the constitution, which is harder to be amended by legislature compared to sub-constitutional laws, their status is rather more stable and independent than institutions created by sub-constitutional laws. Role of the constitutional institutions inside government reflects each constitution's national context and identity. For example, according to the German constitution, only five institutions are regarded as constitutional institutions (German: Verfassungorgane) in German federal government, reflecting classic structure for separation of powers; 'Bundesrat' and 'Bundestag' of German legislature, President and Cabinet of German executive, and Federal Constitutional Court of German judiciary. However, modern constitution such as South African constitution creates various government institutions directly by itself, which has similar role as independent agency in classic government structure. This so called 'Chapter nine institutions' of South Africa are explained as constitutional attempt to guarantee accountability of government, yet there are also worries as these new 'constitutionally independent' agencies can create tensions inside separation of powers between traditional branches and institutions of South African government. These modern independent agencies created directly by constitution sometimes fails to achieve its expected role, as their level of institutional independence varies according to specific political situations. (en)
- 헌법기관(憲法機關, 독일어: Verfassungsorgan, 영어: Constitutional institution)은 헌법에 의해 직접 창설된 기관 또는 헌법에 설치근거를 명시한 기관을 의미한다. (ko)
- Órgão de soberania é um órgão do Estado em que está depositada parte da sua soberania enquanto Estado soberano. (pt)
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- Ústavní činitel je souhrnné označení pro volené i jmenované představitele státu a nejvyšší úředníky, pokud jsou jejich funkce výslovně uvedeny v Ústavě. (cs)
- Verfassungsorgan (auch Oberstes Verfassungsorgan und bei Bundesstaaten auf Bundesebene Oberstes Bundesorgan) wird u. a. im deutschen Verfassungsrecht ein Staatsorgan bezeichnet, dessen Rechte und Pflichten in der Staatsverfassung festgeschrieben sind und das überdies an der Gesamtwillensbildung des Staates mitwirkt. Vom Verfassungsorgan zu unterscheiden ist die Person, die in ihm tätig wird (Organwalter). (de)
- 헌법기관(憲法機關, 독일어: Verfassungsorgan, 영어: Constitutional institution)은 헌법에 의해 직접 창설된 기관 또는 헌법에 설치근거를 명시한 기관을 의미한다. (ko)
- Órgão de soberania é um órgão do Estado em que está depositada parte da sua soberania enquanto Estado soberano. (pt)
- A constitutional institution, constitutional body or constitutional organ is a government institution created by a constitution. As these institutions derives its powers, duties and responsibilities directly from the constitution, which is harder to be amended by legislature compared to sub-constitutional laws, their status is rather more stable and independent than institutions created by sub-constitutional laws. (en)
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- Ústavní činitel (cs)
- Verfassungsorgan (de)
- Constitutional institution (en)
- 헌법기관 (ko)
- Órgão de soberania (pt)
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