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| - نفتينيا (بالأمهرية: ነፍተኛ)، مستوطنًا عمل في إطار عملية التوسع الإقليمي وإنشاء إثيوبيا الحديثة في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر. بمعناها الحرفي ، تشير كلمة نفتينيا إلى المحتلين العسكريين الذين استقروا في المناطق الطرفية لإثيوبيا ، بما في ذلك أجزاء مننطقة أوروميا، والأمم الجنوبية، والجنسيات وجامبيلا، ومنطقة بنيشنقول-قماز ومنطقة تيغراي من أواخر القرن التاسع عشر. فصاعدا من مملكة شيوا. كان غزاة شيوان الذين وصفوا بـ نفتينيا، في الأصل مجموعة متعددة الأعراق من الحكام الأرستقراطيين لمملكة شيوا ويتكون معظمهم من الأمهرة، وكانوا أعضاء رفيعي المستوى في البلاط الملكي لمنيليك الثاني وجنودهم. وفي الآونة الأخيرة، تم تطبيق المصطلح على متطرف أمهرة. (ar)
- A neftenya (Amharic: ነፍጠኛ, lit. 'rifle-bearer') was a feudal lord and expansionist settler who operated in the framework of the process of territorial expansion and creation of modern Ethiopia by the late 19th century. In its literal meaning, neftenya, referred to riflemen in the Army of the Ethiopian Empire who were known to have settled in Ethiopia's peripheral regions, including parts of today's Oromia Region, the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Gambela Region, Benishangul-Gumuz Region from the late 19th century onwards. The Shewan conquerors that were described as neftenya were originally a multi-ethnic group of aristocratic rulers of the Kingdom of Shewa mostly made up of Amhara people and Oromo people who were high ranking members of Menelik II's Royal Court and (en)
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| has abstract
| - نفتينيا (بالأمهرية: ነፍተኛ)، مستوطنًا عمل في إطار عملية التوسع الإقليمي وإنشاء إثيوبيا الحديثة في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر. بمعناها الحرفي ، تشير كلمة نفتينيا إلى المحتلين العسكريين الذين استقروا في المناطق الطرفية لإثيوبيا ، بما في ذلك أجزاء مننطقة أوروميا، والأمم الجنوبية، والجنسيات وجامبيلا، ومنطقة بنيشنقول-قماز ومنطقة تيغراي من أواخر القرن التاسع عشر. فصاعدا من مملكة شيوا. كان غزاة شيوان الذين وصفوا بـ نفتينيا، في الأصل مجموعة متعددة الأعراق من الحكام الأرستقراطيين لمملكة شيوا ويتكون معظمهم من الأمهرة، وكانوا أعضاء رفيعي المستوى في البلاط الملكي لمنيليك الثاني وجنودهم. وفي الآونة الأخيرة، تم تطبيق المصطلح على متطرف أمهرة. نفتينيا هو اسم مرتبط غالبًا بعرق الأمهرة، ثاني أكبر مجموعة عرقية من حيث عدد السكان في إثيوبيا ، سواء فيما يتعلق بالمستوطنين التاريخيين في المدن أو على طول الطرق الرئيسية في جميع أنحاء إثيوبيا. (ar)
- A neftenya (Amharic: ነፍጠኛ, lit. 'rifle-bearer') was a feudal lord and expansionist settler who operated in the framework of the process of territorial expansion and creation of modern Ethiopia by the late 19th century. In its literal meaning, neftenya, referred to riflemen in the Army of the Ethiopian Empire who were known to have settled in Ethiopia's peripheral regions, including parts of today's Oromia Region, the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Gambela Region, Benishangul-Gumuz Region from the late 19th century onwards. The Shewan conquerors that were described as neftenya were originally a multi-ethnic group of aristocratic rulers of the Kingdom of Shewa mostly made up of Amhara people and Oromo people who were high ranking members of Menelik II's Royal Court and their soldiers. While upper class Amhara who came to the south as conquerors originated from all parts of the northern highlands, all came as vassals of the specifically Shewan state. Local people, whatever their origins, were also able to assimilate into the class, by virtue of marriage, or adopting the religion, language and cultural traits of the Amhara Neftenya is a name often used as an ethnic slur against the Amhara people, the second most populous ethnic group in Ethiopia. Historically the Shewan Amharas were not the only ones that were part of the Neftenya ruling class, however those who use it as a slur against modern populations of all Amhara sub-groups claim that it only consisted of Amhara people. Since local people, whatever their origins, were also able to assimilate into the Neftenya class, by virtue of marriage, or adopting the religion, language and cultural traits of the Amhara, it also included Tigrayans, Oromos, and Gurages, a majority of which came from the Kingdom of Shewa. Shimelis Abdisa used the Amharic word neftenya (“riflemen” in English) to refer to the ruling class established in the wake of Emperor Menelik II's conquest in southern Ethiopia in the late 19th century. Abdisa’s use of the term neftenya prompted backlash given that it is often used to refer to members of Emperor Menelik II’s army after TPLF came to power in 1991, but Abdisa inaccurately identified the term with all populations of Amharas rather than the multi-ethnic aristocratic class of the Ethiopian Empire which the term originally stood for. As a result of neftenyas settling in the southern regions, other ethnic groups assimilated by into royal court culture by adopting the Amharic language, Orthodox Christianity, and other aristocratic cultural traits found in royal court culture. Both peasant Amhara culture and Ethiopian Empire royal court culture have heavily influenced each other; this Ethiopian royal court culture (that influenced and was influenced by Amhara culture) dominated throughout the eras of military and monarchic rule although Siegfried Pausewang concluded in 2005 that "the term Amhara relates in contemporary Ethiopia to two different and distinct social groups. The ethnic group of the Amhara, mostly a peasant population, is different from a mixed group of urban people coming from different ethnic background, who have adopted Amharic as a common language and identify themselves as Ethiopians". Later on the term started to be applied to Amhara civilians as an ethnic slur, even though the Shewan Neftenya leadership was multi-ethnic in nature and the very existence of a distinct and ethnically conscious Amhara ethnic group in that time period has been contested as an anachronism. The neftenya were made up different ethnic groups, clans and communities who had alliances with each other. From the 17th to the 19th centuries, Oromos were the dominant politico-military influence on central and southern Ethiopia, and later on conquering portions of north-central Ethiopia (including Gondar, Amhara Region and Raya Azebo, Tigray Region - for a short period of time) during the Zemene Mesafint period. In the 19th Century, the Shewans (included several sub-groups of Shewan Amhara and Shewan Oromo people) held prominent roles in the consolidation of the Ethiopian Empire under the rule of the Kingdom of Shewa as members of Menelik II’s Royal Court. Both the imperial and the Derg government relocated numerous Amharas into southern Ethiopia where they served in government administration, courts, church and even in school, where Oromo texts were eliminated and replaced by Amharic. Until 1991 the Amhara dominated politics of Ethiopia The Abyssinian elites perceived the Oromo identity and languages as an obstacle to the expansion of Ethiopian national identity. Under the Haile Selassie Regime Oromo was banned from education, and use in administration. In 1967, the regime of Haile Selassie I outlawed the Mecha and Tuluma Self-Help Association and later instigated a wave of mass arrests and killings of its members and leaders. Prominent military officer and leader of the association, Colonel General Tadesse Birru, was also arrested. This reaction by the regime had been caused by the popularity of the organization among the Oromos and its links to the Bale Oromo resistance movement. (en)
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