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- The Constitution of the Republic of Singapore is the supreme law of Singapore. A written constitution, the text which took effect on 9 August 1965 is derived from the Constitution of the State of Singapore 1963, provisions of the Federal Constitution of Malaysia made applicable to Singapore by the Republic of Singapore Independence Act 1965 (No. 9 of 1965, 1985 Rev. Ed.), and the Republic of Singapore Independence Act itself. The text of the Constitution is one of the legally binding sources of constitutional law in Singapore, the others being judicial interpretations of the Constitution, and certain other statutes. Non-binding sources are influences on constitutional law such as soft law, constitutional conventions, and public international law. In the exercise of its original jurisdiction – that is, its power to hear cases for the first time – the High Court carries out two types of judicial review: judicial review of legislation, and judicial review of administrative acts. Although in a 1980 case the Privy Council held that the fundamental liberties in Part IV of the Constitution should be interpreted generously, Singapore courts usually adopt a philosophy of deference to Parliament and a strong presumption of constitutional validity, which has led to fundamental liberties being construed narrowly in certain cases. The courts also generally adopt a purposive approach, favouring interpretations that promote the purpose or object underlying constitutional provisions. Article 4 of the Constitution expressly declares that it is the supreme law of the land. The Constitution also appears to satisfy Albert Venn Dicey's three criteria for supremacy: codification, rigidity, and the existence of judicial review by the courts. However, the view has been taken that it may not be supreme in practice and that Singapore's legal system is de facto characterized by parliamentary sovereignty. There are two ways to amend the Constitution, depending on the nature of the provision being amended. Most of the Constitution's Articles can be amended with the support of more than two-thirds of all the Members of Parliament during the Second and Third Readings of each constitutional amendment bill. However, provisions protecting Singapore's sovereignty can only be amended if supported at a national referendum by at least two-thirds of the total number of votes cast. This requirement also applies to Articles 5(2A) and 5A, though these provisions are not yet operational. Article 5(2A) protects certain core constitutional provisions such as the fundamental liberties in Part IV of the Constitution, and Articles relating to the President's election, powers, maintenance, immunity from suit, and removal from office; while Article 5A enables the President to veto proposed constitutional amendments that directly or indirectly circumvent or curtail his discretionary powers. These provisions are not yet in force as the Government views the Elected Presidency as an evolving institution in need of further refinements. The Malaysian courts have distinguished between the exercise of "constituent power" and "legislative power" by Parliament. When Parliament amends the Constitution by exercising constituent power, the amendment Act cannot be challenged as inconsistent with the Constitution's existing provisions. The Singapore position is unclear since this issue has not been raised before the courts. However, it is arguable that they are likely to apply the Malaysian position as the relevant provisions of the Constitution of Malaysia and the Singapore Constitution are in pari materia with each other. In addition, the High Court has rejected the basic structure or basic features doctrine developed by the Supreme Court of India, which means that Parliament is not precluded from amending or repealing any provisions of the Constitution, even those considered as basic. (en)
- La Constitution de Singapour est la norme juridique suprême du pays. Elle ne peut être modifiée que par approbation des deux tiers ou plus des députés élus (MPs) du parlement lors des deuxième et troisième lectures d'une session parlementaire. Le président peut chercher l'avis d'un tribunal composé d'au moins trois juges de la cour suprême pour toutes les questions de constitutionnalité des lois. (fr)
- Конституция Сингапура — основной закон государства Сингапур, вступивший в силу в 1965 году. В неё внесен ряд поправок (последние — в 1996). (ru)
- 新加坡共和国宪法是新加坡的最高法律。现行宪法于1965年8月9日生效，源于1963年颁布的《新加坡邦宪法》、《马来西亚联邦宪法》（经 1965年的《新加坡共和国独立法案》适用于新加坡）、及《新加坡共和国独立法案》。宪法文本是新加坡宪制性法律中的约束性法源之一，其他约束性法源包括宪法的司法解释和某些其他法令；非约束性法源包括软法、宪法惯例和国际公法。 新加坡高等法院进行两种类型的司法审查：立法之司法审查与行政之司法审查。虽然在1980年的一个案例中，英国枢密院认为，宪法第四部分的基本自由应作广义解释，而新加坡法院常怀之理念，致使基本自由权利被狭义解释。 宪法第4条写明新加坡宪法为新加坡的最高法律。而在实践中，新加坡的法律制度事实上以议会主权为特征。 新加坡宪法根据条款的性质，有两种修改的方式。大多数宪法条款在二读、三读过程中，经所有议员三分之二以上的支持，便可以修改。保护新加坡主权的条款，则需在全国公民投票中获得至少三分之二总票数的支持下，才能修改。这一要求也适用于第5条(2A)和第5A条，但尚未生效。新加坡宪法第5条(2A)保护部分核心宪法条款，如宪法第四部分中的基本自由，以及与总统选举、权力、维护、免于起诉和免职有关的条款。宪法第5A条授权总统否决直接或间接规避或限制其自由裁量权的宪法修正案。这些规定尚未生效，因为新加坡政府认为民选总统的政治地位尚在演变，需要进一步完善。 此外，新加坡高等法院不承认印度最高法院关于宪法基本结构（basic structure）的理论；也就是说，议会有权修改或废除《宪法》的任何条款，即使是那些被认为是基本的条款。 (zh)
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- La Constitution de Singapour est la norme juridique suprême du pays. Elle ne peut être modifiée que par approbation des deux tiers ou plus des députés élus (MPs) du parlement lors des deuxième et troisième lectures d'une session parlementaire. Le président peut chercher l'avis d'un tribunal composé d'au moins trois juges de la cour suprême pour toutes les questions de constitutionnalité des lois. (fr)
- Конституция Сингапура — основной закон государства Сингапур, вступивший в силу в 1965 году. В неё внесен ряд поправок (последние — в 1996). (ru)
- The Constitution of the Republic of Singapore is the supreme law of Singapore. A written constitution, the text which took effect on 9 August 1965 is derived from the Constitution of the State of Singapore 1963, provisions of the Federal Constitution of Malaysia made applicable to Singapore by the Republic of Singapore Independence Act 1965 (No. 9 of 1965, 1985 Rev. Ed.), and the Republic of Singapore Independence Act itself. The text of the Constitution is one of the legally binding sources of constitutional law in Singapore, the others being judicial interpretations of the Constitution, and certain other statutes. Non-binding sources are influences on constitutional law such as soft law, constitutional conventions, and public international law. (en)
- 新加坡共和国宪法是新加坡的最高法律。现行宪法于1965年8月9日生效，源于1963年颁布的《新加坡邦宪法》、《马来西亚联邦宪法》（经 1965年的《新加坡共和国独立法案》适用于新加坡）、及《新加坡共和国独立法案》。宪法文本是新加坡宪制性法律中的约束性法源之一，其他约束性法源包括宪法的司法解释和某些其他法令；非约束性法源包括软法、宪法惯例和国际公法。 新加坡高等法院进行两种类型的司法审查：立法之司法审查与行政之司法审查。虽然在1980年的一个案例中，英国枢密院认为，宪法第四部分的基本自由应作广义解释，而新加坡法院常怀之理念，致使基本自由权利被狭义解释。 宪法第4条写明新加坡宪法为新加坡的最高法律。而在实践中，新加坡的法律制度事实上以议会主权为特征。 新加坡宪法根据条款的性质，有两种修改的方式。大多数宪法条款在二读、三读过程中，经所有议员三分之二以上的支持，便可以修改。保护新加坡主权的条款，则需在全国公民投票中获得至少三分之二总票数的支持下，才能修改。这一要求也适用于第5条(2A)和第5A条，但尚未生效。新加坡宪法第5条(2A)保护部分核心宪法条款，如宪法第四部分中的基本自由，以及与总统选举、权力、维护、免于起诉和免职有关的条款。宪法第5A条授权总统否决直接或间接规避或限制其自由裁量权的宪法修正案。这些规定尚未生效，因为新加坡政府认为民选总统的政治地位尚在演变，需要进一步完善。 (zh)
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