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- The State of Penang, one of the most developed and urbanised Malaysian states, is located at the nation's northwest coast along the Malacca Strait. Unlike most Malaysian states, the history of modern Penang was shaped by British colonialism, beginning with the acquisition of Penang Island from the Sultanate of Kedah by the British East India Company in 1786. Developed into a free port, the city state was subsequently governed as part of the Straits Settlements, together with Singapore and Malacca; the state capital, George Town, briefly became the capital of this political entity between 1826 and 1832. By the end of the 19th century, George Town prospered and became one of the major entrepôts in Southeast Asia. During World War II, Penang was conquered and occupied by the Japanese Empire from 1941 to 1945. At the end of the war, Penang was also the first state in the Malay Peninsula to be liberated by the British, under Operation Jurist. The Straits Settlements was dissolved in the following year and Penang was merged into the Federation of Malaya. In spite of a secessionist movement within Penang, the merger with Malaya went ahead and the federation attained independence from the British Empire in 1957. Malaya later evolved into the present-day Malaysia in 1963. Following the revocation of George Town's free port status in the 1960s, the state suffered economic decline and massive unemployment. The state government at the time led a push to reorient the economy towards hi-tech manufacturing, successfully recovering Penang's economy and lending the state its moniker the Silicon Valley of the East. Growing recognition of George Town as a bustling tourist destination, particularly since the city's inscription as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008, also boosted the state's services sector, and today, both the manufacturing and services sectors are the two strongest economic pillars of Penang. Moreover, the state enjoys one of the lowest unemployment rates and Gini coefficients within Malaysia, as well as the second highest gross domestic product (GDP) per capita within the country after Kuala Lumpur. (en)
- この項ではペナンの地域史を述べる。ポルトガル人がペナンを発見した16世紀頃、ペナン島はすでに500年間に渡って対岸ののスルタン（王）が治める領地となっていた。ヨーロッパ人では、ポルトガル人が最初に訪れてペナンを水の補給地として利用していたが、定住し始めたのはイギリス人であった。クダ王国との戦争の末、1786年8月11日にイギリスに所有権が移り、以後は1941年の日本領と占領を経て、1957年にはマラヤ連邦に参加して独立する。 (ja)
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- この項ではペナンの地域史を述べる。ポルトガル人がペナンを発見した16世紀頃、ペナン島はすでに500年間に渡って対岸ののスルタン（王）が治める領地となっていた。ヨーロッパ人では、ポルトガル人が最初に訪れてペナンを水の補給地として利用していたが、定住し始めたのはイギリス人であった。クダ王国との戦争の末、1786年8月11日にイギリスに所有権が移り、以後は1941年の日本領と占領を経て、1957年にはマラヤ連邦に参加して独立する。 (ja)
- The State of Penang, one of the most developed and urbanised Malaysian states, is located at the nation's northwest coast along the Malacca Strait. Unlike most Malaysian states, the history of modern Penang was shaped by British colonialism, beginning with the acquisition of Penang Island from the Sultanate of Kedah by the British East India Company in 1786. Developed into a free port, the city state was subsequently governed as part of the Straits Settlements, together with Singapore and Malacca; the state capital, George Town, briefly became the capital of this political entity between 1826 and 1832. By the end of the 19th century, George Town prospered and became one of the major entrepôts in Southeast Asia. (en)
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